front 1 definition of Precipitation assays | back 1 performed in semi-solid media such as agar or agarose where antibodies and antigens can diffuse toward one another and form a visible line of precipitation |
front 2 difference between precipitation and agglutination | back 2 Agglutination is the process of clumping of antigens with their respective antibodies. Precipitation is a process where soluble antigens bind with their specific antibody at an optimum temperature and pH, resulting in the formation of an insoluble precipitate |
front 3 most abundant type of antibody in the body, comprising most of the immunoglobulin in secretions and a significant amount of circulating immunoglobulin -> which immunoglobulin? | back 3 igA |
front 4 purpose of igA | back 4 protect the mucosal tissues from microbial invasion and maintain immune homeostasis with the microbiota |
front 5 usually of higher affinity and are found in blood and in extracellular fluid -> which immunoglobulin? | back 5 igG |
front 6 purpose of igG | back 6 neutralize toxins, viruses, and bacteria, opsonize them for phagocytosis, and activate the complement system |
front 7 why measurement of IgM levels is very important | back 7 evaluate the progression of viral and bacterial infections |
front 8 first antibody to be synthesized by activated-B cells in a primary immune response against a certain antigen -> which immunoglobulin | back 8 igM |
front 9 most useful for determining recent infection -> which immunoglobulin | back 9 igM |
front 10 usually detectable for longer periods following an infection -> which ig | back 10 igG |
front 11 usually becomes undetectable weeks to months following infection -> which ig | back 11 igM |
front 12 regulatory role, acting as an anti-inflammatory, preventing allergic reactions, and protecting the body from autoimmune diseases and severe infections -> which ig | back 12 igD |
front 13 found in serum in much smaller quantities than other Ig classes -> which ig(s) | back 13 igD and igE |
front 14 primarily defends against parasitic invasion and is responsible for allergic reactions -> which ig | back 14 igE |
front 15 receptor for antigens found mostly on mature B-lymphocytes -> which ig | back 15 igD |
front 16 what are the types of ig | back 16 igA, igG, igM, igD, igE |
front 17 possess heavy chains known as γ-chains -> which ig | back 17 igG |
front 18 how many chains and what arrangements immunoglobulins have? | back 18 two light chains and two heavy chains in a light-heavy-heavy-light structure arrangement |
front 19 has a highest molecular weight -> which ig | back 19 igM |
front 20 the most abundant antibody present in newborns, also the only immunoglobulin that crosses the placenta -> which ig | back 20 igG |
front 21 the major antibody in secretions found in saliva, tears, colostrum, intestinal, genital tract, and respiratory secretions -> which ig | back 21 igA |
front 22 most common immunodeficiency, characterized by recurrent infections that affect the respiratory, digestive, and genitourinary systems? | back 22 Selective IgA deficiency |
front 23 protein in each zone alpha1, alpha2, beta, gamma | back 23 later (textbook protein chapter) |
front 24 each result of immunosubtraction correspond with what disease state | back 24 later (part 3 and 4 serology) |
front 25 first developed IA? | back 25 radioimmunoassay (RIA) |
front 26 Five types of immunoassay | back 26 enzyme immunoassay (EIA), radioimmunoassay (RIA), fluoroimmunoassay (FIA), chemiluminescent immunoassay (CLIA) and counting immunoassay (CIA) |
front 27 have excess antibody binding sites and produce a signal directly proportional to the amount of analyte in the sample -> which type of IA | back 27 Non-competitive immunoassay |
front 28 limited the number of antigen binding sites, inversely proportional to the amount of analyte of interest -> which type of IA | back 28 Competitive immunoassay |
front 29 The antigen is detected by a primary antibody, conjugated with a label for detection (enzyme, fluorophore, etc.) -> which type of IA | back 29 Direct Immunoassay |
front 30 An unconjugated primary antibody binds to the antigen. A secondary antibody conjugated with a detection label binds to the primary antibody -> which type of IA | back 30 Indirect Immunoassay |
front 31 Amplified signal due to multiple secondaries binding to primary -> which type of IA | back 31 Indirect Immunoassay |
front 32 use an antibody linked to an enzyme to detect and measure antigens or antibodies -> which type of IA | back 32 Enzyme immunoassays (EIA) |
front 33 most common and popular quantitative immunoassay technology. This type of immunoassay employs microplates to immobilize a target antigen or antibody, bind with a targeted analyte, and measure an emitted signal -> which type of IA | back 33 ELISA |
front 34 single, enzyme-linked antibody directly binds with an antigen; useful when analyzing immune responses to antigens -> which IA | back 34 Direct ELISA |
front 35 enzyme-linked secondary antibody binds with a primary antibody bound to the antigen; useful when determining total antibody concentration -> which IA | back 35 Indirect ELISA |
front 36 pros and cons of direct ELISA | back 36 This is ELISA in its simplest form but suffers from low flexibility and potentially high background signal. Direct ELISAs are useful when analyzing immune responses to antigens. |
front 37 pros and cons of indirect ELISA | back 37 The secondary antibodies make this ELISA highly versatile, sensitive, and cost-effective. However, the secondary presents the potential for cross-reactivity and adds complexity to the protocol. Indirect ELISAs are useful when determining total antibody concentration. |
front 38 An antigen binds to a primary antibody attached to the plate. A secondary enzyme-linked antibody then attaches to the antigen -> which IA | back 38 Sandwich ELISA |
front 39 pros and cons of sandwich ELISA | back 39 highly flexible, sensitive, and specific but requires large antigens of interest to accommodate multiple antibody bindings. Sandwich ELISAs are particularly useful when analyzing complex samples, since the antigen doesn’t need to undergo purification before measurement |
front 40 The sample antibodies compete with enzyme-linked antibodies to bind with the antigen -> which IA | back 40 Competitive ELISA |
front 41 Fill in the blank with positive/negative: The capillary tube end dipped in the buffer with the anode behaves as a ___ side and the end with the cathode behaves as the ___ side of the electrophoretic system. Capillary tube walls have a ___ charge and ___ ions in the buffer get attracted to and neutralize it | back 41 positive, negative, negative, positive |
front 42 capillary electrophoresis testing what | back 42 protein abnormalities testing |
front 43 Capillary Electrophoresis, all proteins migrate toward cathode/anode? | back 43 cathode |
front 44 main sample type for Capillary Electrophoresis | back 44 urine |