front 1 serotonin metabolized into what | back 1 5-HIAA |
front 2 amine group of hormones | back 2 T3, T4, NE, EPI, serotonin |
front 3 peptide group of hormones | back 3 GH, PRL, AVP, PTH, PCT |
front 4 glycoprotein group of hormones | back 4 TSH, LH, FSH |
front 5 steroid group of hormones | back 5 T4, adrenal hormones |
front 6 anterior pituitary gland hormones | back 6 GH, ACTH, TSH, FSH, LH, PRL |
front 7 organ source of gastrin, secretin | back 7 stomach, duodenum |
front 8 organ source of beta-hCG | back 8 placenta |
front 9 products of each zone in the adrenal gland? (G, F, R, medulla) | back 9 _G: aldosterone _F: cortisol _R: testosterone, DHEA, progesterone, estrogen _medulla: catecholamines |
front 10 catecholamines include | back 10 DA, EPI, NE |
front 11 effect of FSH | back 11 woman: follicular maturation, estrogen production man: produce sperm |
front 12 effect of LH | back 12 woman: ovulation man: testicular testosterone production |
front 13 regulation of FSH | back 13 low freq GnRH women: estrogen NEG-FB men: inhibin B NEG-FB |
front 14 effect of PRL | back 14 lactation |
front 15 PTH effect | back 15 increase Ca ion increase Ca absorption in intestine urine: Ca reabsorb, block PO4 reabsorb, |
front 16 effect gastrin | back 16 HCl secretion in stomach |
front 17 effect secretin | back 17 HCL secretion bicarb release from pancreas |
front 18 effect beta-hCG | back 18 stimulate ovary to produce progesterone during pregnancy |
front 19 stimulate GH | back 19 ghrelin, hypoglycemia, sex steroid alpha-agonist (NE), beta-blocker |
front 20 inhibit GH | back 20 somatostatin, hyperglycemia, decrease both T4 and insulin beta-agonist (EPI), alpha-blocker |
front 21 purpose of GH | back 21 maintain normal glucose opposite with insulin |
front 22 true hypoglycemia indicator (level of GH and ACTH) | back 22 when both GH and ACTH decreased |
front 23 effect cortisol | back 23 immune response stress response glucose homeostasis |
front 24 progesterone effect | back 24 endometrial lining increase in FSH during menstrual cycle |
front 25 describe process from CRH to pregnenolone | back 25 CRH -> ACTH -> transport free CHOL into mitochondria -> pregnenolone |
front 26 rate limiting step in steroid biosynthesis | back 26 chol -> pregnenolone |
front 27 how much percent each layer of adrenal cortex how much percent is adrenal medulla | back 27 G-15%; F-75%; R-10% medulla 10% |
front 28 describe what conversions and final product in G, F, R zones | back 28 G: pregnenolone -(3β)-> progesterone -(21β)->DOC -(11β)->corticosterone -(18OH)-> aldosterone F: 17a-OH pregnenolone -(3β)-> 17a-OH progesterone -(21β)-> 11-deoxycortisol -(11β)->cortisol -> cortisone R: DHEA /DHEA-S -(3β)-> androstenedione + androstenediol -> testosterone -> estradiol |
front 29 effect LH | back 29 female: ovulation male: testosterone production in testes |
front 30 regulation LH | back 30 high freq GnRH female: NEG-FB estrogen levels male: NEG-FB inhibin B |
front 31 3 mechanisms for catecholamine metabolism | back 31 reuptake into secretory vesicles uptake in non-neuronal cells (mostly liver) degradation |
front 32 degradation of catecholamine depends on 2 enzymes? | back 32 COMT: in non-neuronal tissues MAO: within neurons |
front 33 an increase in TRH causes increase in | back 33 PRL TSH |
front 34 method employs a highly specific Ab for T4 (gold standard) | back 34 T4 by RIA |
front 35 patient with high serum Ca, low serum PO4, high PTH -> what disorder | back 35 hyperparathyroidism |
front 36 T3 resin uptake test is a measure of | back 36 binding capacity of TBG |
front 37 major fraction of organic iodine in circulation is | back 37 T4 (thyroxine) |
front 38 autoantibody binds to TSH receptor preventing TSH from binding | back 38 thyroid-stimulating immunoglobulin (TSI) |
front 39 high titer of anti Tg-Ab and detection of antimicrosomal Ab -> what disorder | back 39 Hashimoto |
front 40 is serotonin a hormone | back 40 no it's a neurotransmitter, not a hormone |
front 41 alcohol consumption leads to | back 41 degradation of testosterone liver cirrhosis -> less binding proteins -> defect in hormonal effects |
front 42 cortisol peaks what time | back 42 8 AM |
front 43 ACTH peaks when, lowest when | back 43 lowest: 11 PM -3 AM peaks: 6 AM - 9AM |
front 44 purpose of ACE inhibitor | back 44 for pts with HTN lower angiotensin -> less aldosterone |
front 45 symptoms hyper, hypothyroidism, | back 45 hyper: increased metabolic rates, increased heart rate, tremor hypo: decreased metabolic rate, decreased heart rate, edema, constipation |
front 46 what are the cyclic nonapeptide hormones | back 46 oxytocin, AVP |
front 47 effect oxytocin | back 47 labor, lactation, POS-FB |
front 48 what are hormones from hypothalamus, where is it stored? | back 48 AVP, oxytocin |
front 49 BP cut off for AVP osmolality cut off value for AVP | back 49 5-10% fall in BP will trigger AVP release 284, if increased -> increase in AVP release |
front 50 values for AVP and osmolality for cases of DI (diabetes insidipus) | back 50 low AVP, high osmo |
front 51 describe menstrual cycle (follicular phase, luteal phase) | back 51 follicular: low estrogen, low progesterone, rise in FSH, endometrium thickening luteal: estrogen peaks before ovulation, high LH (POS-FB) typical duration of menstrual bleeding: 3-5 days |
front 52 when to know menopause | back 52 female experience amenorrhea for 12 months usually at age 51 |
front 53 all anterior pituitary hormones secrete in what fashion | back 53 pulsatile |
front 54 action of TRH, GnRH, dopamine | back 54 TRH: release TSH and PRL GnRH: release LH, FSH DA: inhibit PRL |
front 55 anterior hormones, which ones are tropic, which ones direct effector? | back 55 tropic: LH, FSH, TSH, ACTH direct effector: GH, PRL |
front 56 feedback hormones for LH, FSH, ACTH, GH | back 56 estradiol, testosterone inhibin cortisol IGF-1 |
front 57 GH is peaked when | back 57 onset of sleep |
front 58 GH reference range for male and female | back 58 male: 0.01-1 female: 0.01-3.5 |
front 59 what is the first test for deficient or excess growth | back 59 IGF-1 testing |
front 60 how to evaluate GH for oral glucose loading testing method | back 60 overnight fast -> 75g glucose load -> measure 0, 30, 60, 90, 120 mins after ingestion GH undetectable for normal individuals acromegaly patients -> GH fail to suppress and may even rise |
front 61 gold standard for GH deficiency current method? | back 61 insulin-induced hypoglycemia combine GHRH with L-arginine or L-DOPA |
front 62 symptoms of GH deficiency | back 62 high body fat, less muscle, less stamina anxiety, depression, fatigue low bone density sensitive to heat, cold |
front 63 reference range PRL | back 63 male: 4-15.2 female: 4.8-23.3 |
front 64 symptom hyperprolactinemia abnormal range for PRL | back 64 women: amenorrhea, galactorrhea, decreased libido PRL > 150 |
front 65 consequence of PRL excess is | back 65 hypogonadism |
front 66 cause of hypopituitarism | back 66 tumor, trauma, infection radiation therapy, surgery familial, idopathic, immunologic, |
front 67 treatment of panhypopituitarism | back 67 replacement therapy pulsatile GnRH infusions gonadotropin preparation |
front 68 symptom of hyperaldosteronism | back 68 HTN, hypoK, metabolic alkalosis, |
front 69 symptom of pheochromocytoma | back 69 HTN, anxiety, dizzy, irregular heartbeat, sweating |
front 70 Cushing syndrom symptom | back 70 HTN, weight gain, red/purple stretch marks, muscle weakness, |
front 71 congenital adrenal hyperplasia symptoms | back 71 inappropriate virilization, infertility |
front 72 primary adrenal insufficiency symptoms | back 72 loss appetite, weight loss, pigmentation skin hypotension, hypoglycemia, weakness, |
front 73 other products of adrenal cortex | back 73 VIP: vasoactive inhibitory peptide adrenomedullin ANP: atrial natriuretic peptide |
front 74 products of R zone | back 74 aldosterone, adrenal androgens (DHEA, testosterone), estrogens |
front 75 symptom hypercortisolism | back 75 HTN, hyperglycemia, obesity, weakness, |
front 76 cause of adrenal hyperplasia | back 76 low cortisol, high ACTH and CRH -> overproduction of androgens |
front 77 most common hormone excess condition for a functional pituitary gland is | back 77 prolactinoma |
front 78 Kallmann syndrome lab results | back 78 low testosterone, low FSH, low LH |
front 79 test of first choice for diagnosis of pheochromocytoma is | back 79 Plasma free metanephrines provide the best test for excluding or confirming pheochromocytoma |
front 80 preferred screening test for Cushing syndrome (hypercortisolism) and also the most sensitive test is | back 80 UFC (urine free cortisol) |
front 81 sensitive testing for aldosterone excess is | back 81 adrenal vein sampling |
front 82 the “gold standard” to determine the source of hypercortisolism in ACTH-dependent Cushing syndrome is what sampling it needs | back 82 Inferior petrosal sinus sampling (IPSS) ACTH sample from vein connecting to pituitary gland |
front 83 which one is tropic hormone: thyroxine, GH, PTH, testosterone | back 83 thyroxine |
front 84 what type of hormones straight into the bloodstream | back 84 Endocrine glands secrete hormones straight into the bloodstream |
front 85 what types of hormones fat-soluble and repel water (hydrophobic) | back 85 Steroids: Hormones such as estrogen, testosterone, progesterone, cortisol, and those produced in the thyroid are fat-soluble and repel water (hydrophobic) |