front 1 George Buffon and the old Earth | back 1 b/c he studied fossils and he thought that the earth was old b/c of how some ancient animals are similar to modern ones, but not exactly alike. |
front 2 Lamarck and acquired traits / adaptive traits | back 2 he says that adaptive characteristics are developed fro use or disuse use of a body part ex) elephant stretching it's trunk to make it longer b/c it wanted to be more suiting for it's environment WRONG |
front 3 Darwin's finches in the Galapagos - environmental change | back 3 The environmental pressures change the species ex) Darwin's finches, and the drought and flood. These environmental changes caused the birds beaks to change to match what was best to eat the foods available - the drought would have brought bigger harder seeds, so birds with big beaks would survive rather than birds with small beaks |
front 4 Darwin's theory of evolution | back 4 he says that adaptive characteristics are based natural selection ex) there was a mutation within the size of elephants trunks. The mutation making on elephants trunk longer. The one with the longer trunk would have fit the environment better, meaning it would have more offspring. |
front 5 Convergent Evolution | back 5 2 distantly related species share 2 very distant common ancestors they evolve a similar trait due to environmental pressures (ex. predators, climate change, human activity, fossil fuel burning) ex) bat and bee (analogous) |
front 6 Divergent Evolution | back 6 2 species that share a more recent common ancestor develop differently b/c of environmental pressures ex) Darwin's finches (vestigial structures or homologous structure) |
front 7 Darwin's natural selection | back 7 1) an animal struggles to survive (struggle for existence) 2) there are natural variations from mutations, and these variations can improve the organisms chance of survival (an adaptation) 3) the animal will have better fitness, meaning they can survive and have a lot of offspring 4) the bad variation is naturally selected against |
front 8 How fossils help support the theory of evolution | back 8 shows how the earth is old, traces the evolution of modern species from extinct ancestors |
front 9 How embryology help support the theory of evolution | back 9 similar structures support the idea of common decent |
front 10 How comparative anatomy help support the theory of evolution | back 10 shows how animals have changed over time from common ancestors (environmental pressures) |
front 11 How biochemical evidence help support the theory of evolution | back 11 can show scientifically how similar an organism is to another |
front 12 homologous structure | back 12 same structure, different function ancient lobe - finned fish < frog / horse |
front 13 analogous structure | back 13 common function, different structure ex) fly and bird = both fly, but one is membrane vs flesh/bone/blood |
front 14 vestigial structures | back 14 inherited from ancestors but lost much or all of it's function moles eyes = blind or humans wisdom teeth = not used |
front 15 reproductive barrier | back 15 certain conditions prevent mixing ex) physical incapability (Chihuahua vs Great Dane) different mating habits (calls, breeding ground or courting) |
front 16 geographic seperation | back 16 causes speciation ex) the gran canyon and squirrels, the gran canyon eventually forms separating the squirrels into 2 dif species |
front 17 speciation | back 17 a group of organisms that can breed and produce offspring (ex. people and dogs) |
front 18 adaptive radiation | back 18 the finches came from the mainland, and landed on an island. Eventually they spread through other islands. The dif geography conditions make the birds adapt, creating a new species |
front 19 1) type of genetic drift - founder effect | back 19 some individuals become isolated and establish a new population ex) the Pennsylvanian Amish -> incest caused mutations |
front 20 2) type of genetic drift - bottleneck effect | back 20 a change in environment reduces population size ex) cheetahs got poached = decreased population, causing certain alleles to disappear -> genetically similar |
front 21 C-14 (carbon 14) | back 21 has a half-life of 5730 years meaning 25% at 11460 years 12.5% at 22920 years |
front 22 Hybrids | back 22 Offspring are not successful the hybrids are sterile and unable to make more offspring |
front 23 directional | back 23 natural selection in which an extreme phenotype is favored over other phenotypes, causing the alleles causing that phenotype to be favored and shift over time in the direction of that phenotype ex) if there is a large environmental change causing an abundance of only a certain type of seed (and not the other). Then only a certain type of bird will be able to survive making the graph move left or right |
front 24 stabilizing | back 24 natural selection in which intermediate forms of a trait are favored and more extreme values are selected against ex) the birds with the medium beak could get more food with less energy than birds with extreme size beaks |
front 25 disruptive | back 25 natural selection in which extreme forms of a trait are favored over intermediate values. Variance of the trait increases and the population becomes divided into 2 groups -> can cause speciation ex) the birds with medium beaks couldn't get enough food so they died off leaving 2 dif groups making 2 new species |
front 26 clade | back 26 a group of organisms all from the same common ancestor |
front 27 Glade | back 27 same as a clade but "missing" some organisms in the group |
front 28 terminal taxa | back 28 organisms being studied |
front 29 ancestral trait | back 29 "old" trait that everyone has |
front 30 derived trait | back 30 "newer" or novel trait derived more recently |
front 31 node | back 31 branch representing a speciation event everything above the node has the trait |
front 32 crown | back 32 top of the tree ; current organism |
front 33 basal | back 33 bottom of the tree ; representing common ancestor |
front 34 Jean Baptiste | back 34 explained George Buffon's observations life evolves or changes due to adaption |