front 1 Albany Plan of Union | back 1 During the French and Indian War, Franklin wrote this proposal for a unified colonial government, which would operate under the authority of the British government. |
front 2 French and Indian War | back 2 Part of the Seven Years’ War in Europe. Britain and France fought for control of the Ohio Valley and Canada. The colonies fought under British commanders. Britain eventually won. |
front 3 Proclamation of 1763 | back 3 A proclamation from the British government which forbade British colonists from settling west of the Appalachian Mountains, and which required any settlers already living west of the mountains to move back east. |
front 4 Sugar Act of 1764 | back 4 Part of Prime Minister Grenville's revenue program, the lowered the tax on sugar and molasses but for the first time insured that the tax was strictly enforced; and made it illegal for the colonies to buy goods from non–British Caribbean colonies. |
front 5 Quartering Act of 1765 | back 5 Required the colonials to provide food, lodging, and supplies for the British troops in the colonies. |
front 6 Stamp Act of 1765 | back 6 Part of Prime Minister Grenville's revenue measures which required that all legal or official documents used in the colonies had to be written on special, stamped British paper. Caused riots, and colonists burned stamped paper. |
front 7 Sons of Liberty | back 7 A radical political organization for colonial independence which formed in 1765 after the passage of the Stamp Act. They incited riots and burned the customs houses where the stamped British paper was kept |
front 8 Townshend Acts of 1767 | back 8 Taxed quasi–luxury items imported into the colonies, including paper, lead, tea, and paint. The colonial reaction was outrage. |
front 9 Boston Massacre | back 9 Group of colonials started throwing rocks and snowballs at some British soldiers; the soldiers panicked and fired their muskets, killing a few colonials. This outraged the colonies and increased anti–British sentiment. |
front 10 Tea Act of 1773 | back 10 The Tea Act gave the East India Company a monopoly on the trade in tea, made it illegal for the colonies to buy non–British tea, and forced the colonies to pay the tea tax of 3 cents/pound. |
front 11 Intolerable Acts (1774) | back 11 Passed in response to the Boston Tea Party, and included the Boston Port Act, which shut down Boston Harbor; the MA Government Act, which disbanded the Boston Assembly; and the Quartering Act. |
front 12 First Continental Congress (1774) | back 12 Met in Philadelphia AND rejected the plan for a unified colonial government, stated grievances against the crown called the Declaration of Rights, and resolved to prepare militias. |
front 13 Lexington and Concord | back 13 The British marched on Lexington & Concord, where they believed the colonials had a cache of weapons. The British were attacked by the colonial militia. Start of the Revolutionary War. |
front 14 George Grenville | back 14 Prime Minister who passed the Sugar & Stamp Acts to help finance the cost of maintaining a standing force of British troops in the colonies. |
front 15 Boston Tea Party | back 15 British ships carrying tea sailed into Boston Harbor and refused to leave until the colonials took their tea. Colonials disguised as Indians boarded the ships and threw the tea overboard. |
front 16 Thomas Paine's 'Common Sense' | back 16 Written to encourage the colonies to seek independence. It spoke out against the unfair treatment of the colonies by the British government and was instrumental in turning public opinion in favor of the Revolution |
front 17 Declaration of Independence (1776) | back 17 The Declaration of Independence dissolved the colonies’ ties with Britain, listed grievances against King George III, and declared the colonies to be an independent nation. |
front 18 Articles of Confederation | back 18 Gave most of the powers (the power to tax, to regulate trade, and to draft troops) to the individual states, but left the federal government power over war, foreign policy, and issuing money. |
front 19 Treaty of Paris (1783) | back 19 Ended the Revolutionary War, recognized the independence of the American colonies, and granted the colonies the territory from the southern border of Canada to the northern border of Florida, and from the Atlantic coast to the Mississippi River. |
front 20 Republican Motherhood | back 20 An idea linked to republicanism that elevated the role of women. It gave them the prestigious role as the special keepers of the nation's conscience Its roots were from the idea that a citizen should be to his country as a mother is to her child. |
front 21 Northwest Land Ordinance of 1785 | back 21 Set up the framework of a government for the Northwest territory. Provided that the Territory would be divided into 3 to 5 states, outlawed slavery in the Territory, and set 60,000 as the minimum population for statehood. |
front 22 Shays' Rebellion (1786) | back 22 Poor, indebted landowners in Massachusetts blocked access to courts and prevented the government from foreclosures. The federal government was too weak to help remove the rebels, a sign that the Articles of Confederation weren’t working effectively. |
front 23 Tyranny | back 23 a form of government in which the ruler is an absolute dictator (not restricted by a constitution or laws or opposition etc.) |
front 24 John Locke's 'Social Contract' | back 24 He wrote that all human beings have a right to life, liberty, and property and that governments exist to protect those rights. If the government failed to uphold its end of the contract, the people could rebel and institute a new government. |
front 25 Thomas Jefferson | back 25 He was a delegate from Virginia at the Second Continental Congress and wrote the Declaration of Independence. Leader of Anti-Federalist movement |
front 26 Sovereignty | back 26 government free from external control |
front 27 Tories | back 27 American colonists who remained loyal to Britain and opposed the war for independence |
front 28 George Washington | back 28 Established many of the presidential traditions, including limiting a president's tenure to two terms. General in Revolutionary War and 1st President. |
front 29 Tariffs | back 29 Tax on goods imported into a country; generally passed as a protective measure of domestic industry. |
front 30 Alexander Hamilton | back 30 A leading Federalist, he supported industry and strong central government. He created the National Bank and managed to pay off the U.S.’s early debts through tariffs and the excise tax on whiskey. |
front 31 Benjamin Franklin | back 31 Printer, author, inventor, diplomat, statesman, and Founding Father. One of the few Americans who was highly respected in Europe, primarily due to his discoveries in the field of electricity. He helped to negotiate French support for the American Revolution. |
front 32 Pontiac's Rebellion | back 32 1763 - An Indian uprising after the French and Indian War, led by an Ottowa chief named Pontiac. They opposed British expansion into the western Ohio Valley and began destroying British forts in the area. The attacks ended when Pontiac was killed. |
front 33 Salutary neglect | back 33 British colonial policy during the reigns of George I and George II. Relaxed supervision of internal colonial affairs by royal bureacrats contributed significantly to the rise of American self government |
front 34 Olive Branch Petition | back 34 On July 8, 1775, the colonies made a final offer of peace to Britain, agreeing to be loyal to the British government if it addressed their grievances (repealed the Coercive Acts, ended the taxation without representation policies). It was rejected by Parliament, which in December 1775 passed the American Prohibitory Act forbidding all further trade with the colonies. |
front 35 Battle of Saratoga | back 35 Turning point of the American Revolution. It was very important because it convinced the French to give the U.S. military support. It lifted American spirits, ended the British threat in New England by taking control of the Hudson River, and, most importantly, showed the French that the Americans had the potential to beat their enemy, Great Britain. |
front 36 2nd Continental Cong. | back 36 1)Sent the "Olive Branch Petition" 2)Created a continental army with George Washington as the leader. 3)Agreed to write a formal letter declaring their independence from England. |
front 37 Hamilton's Financial Plan | back 37 Designed to pay off the U.S.’s war debts and stabilize the economy. 1.Creation of the National Bank. 2. increased tariffs and an excise tax on whiskey. 3. federal government assume debts incurred by the states during the war. |
front 38 Virginia Plan | back 38 Proposed that each state’s representation in Congress on state population |
front 39 Connecticut (Great) Compromise | back 39 Larger states wanted to follow the Virginia Plan. Smaller states wanted to follow the New Jersey Plan. The convention compromised by creating the House and the Senate, and using both of the two separate plans as the method for electing members of each. |
front 40 New Jersey Plan | back 40 Proposed that every state had the same number of representatives in Congress. |
front 41 Three-Fifths Compromise | back 41 Slaves were considered 3/5 of a person when determining the state population. |
front 42 Separation of powers | back 42 A system that separated the powers of government into three separate branches to limit arbitrary excesses by the government. It led to the system of checks and balances so that the government would not become centered on one branch. |
front 43 Checks and balances | back 43 A system that ensured that no particular branch of government gained too much power over another. It demonstrated the fear of absolute power in one group/individual as well as preventing one branch from overpowering the others. |
front 44 Federalists | back 44 Mostly wealthy and opposed anarchy. Supported ratification of the Constitution because they believed a strong, central government was necessary. |
front 45 Anti-Federalists | back 45 Opposed the ratification of the Constitution because it gave more power to the federal government and less to the states, and because it did not ensure individual rights. |
front 46 'The Federalist Papers' | back 46 Collection of essays by John Jay, Alexander Hamilton, and James Madison, explained the importance of a strong central government. It was published to convince New York to ratify the Constitution. |
front 47 Bank of the United States | back 47 Part of Hamilton’s Plan, it would save the government’s surplus money until it was needed. |
front 48 Whiskey Rebellion(1794) | back 48 Farmers in PA rebelled against Hamilton's tax on whiskey.The army, led by Washington, put down the rebellion. The incident showed that the new government under the Constitution could react swiftly and effectively to such a problem. |
front 49 Neutrality Act (1794) | back 49 Issued by Washington that proclaimed that The United States was a neutral state when war erupted again between France and England This illustrated the truism that self-interest is the glue of alliances. |
front 50 Washington's Farewell Address | back 50 He warned against the dangers of political parties and foreign alliances. |
front 51 Alien and Sedition Acts (1798) | back 51 Alien Act: empowered the president to arrest and deport dangerous aliens; Sedition Act,: made it illegal to publish defamatory statements about the federal government or its officials. |
front 52 Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions | back 52 Written anonymously by Jefferson and Madison in response to the Alien and Sedition Acts, they declared that states could nullify federal laws that the states considered unconstitutional. |
front 53 Judiciary Act of 1789 | back 53 Created the federal court system, allowed the president to create federal courts and to appoint judges. |
front 54 Articles of Confederation Weakness & Success | back 54 Weakness = gave the federal government so little power that it couldn’t keep the country united. Success = it settled western land claims with the Northwest Ordinance. The Articles were abandoned for the Constitution."Advertisement |
front 55 XYZ Affair | back 55 An insult to the American delegation when they were supposed to be meeting French foreign minister, Talleyrand, but instead they were sent 3 officials Adams called "X,Y, and Z" that demanded $250,000 as a bribe to see Talleyrand. |