front 1 what are nucleic acids? | back 1 Polymers composed on nucleotides |
front 2 what is the bond between nucleotides called? | back 2 phosphodiester bond |
front 3 whats the nucleotide phosphodiester bond? | back 3 its the bond btw the suger of 1 nucleotide and the phosphate of the next nucleotide( btw nucleotides in a single strand ) |
front 4 what bond holds a DOUBLE nucleotide together? | back 4 Hydrogen bond |
front 5 what is the sugar In deoxyribose? | back 5 DNA |
front 6 whats the sugar in ribose? | back 6 RNA |
front 7 what are the 3 parts of a nucleotide? | back 7 nitrogen containing base(5), 5-c-sugar, and a phosphate group |
front 8 what is the 3' c attached to? | back 8 a hydroxyl group |
front 9 what is the 5' c attached to | back 9 a phosphate PO4 -3 |
front 10 what are the 5 bases found in nucleotides? | back 10 adenine, thymine, guanine, cytosine, uracil |
front 11 which one of the bases found in nucleotides is found ONLY in DNA? | back 11 thymine |
front 12 whihc one of the bases is only found in RNA? | back 12 Uracil |
front 13 what is a purine? | back 13 has 2-n-ring |
front 14 which nitrogenous bases found in nucleotides are purines? | back 14 adenine and guanine |
front 15 what are pyrimadines? | back 15 thyhave 1-n-ring |
front 16 which nitrogenous bases found in nucleotides are pyramidines? | back 16 thymine, uracil, and cytocine |
front 17 Base pairing review | back 17 Adenine (A) bind with Thymine (T), or Uracile (U) in RNA and Guanine(G) bind with Cytosine(C), |
front 18 result of base pairing in nucleotide | back 18 2 double helix strands, also anti parallel ( upside down, opposite to eachother) |
front 19 what does Chargoff's rule say | back 19 for every A there is a T, for every G there is a C. In a DNA strand the amount of A is always equal to the amount of T, and the amount of G is always equal to the amount of C. |
front 20 If DNA strand is 16% A, how much is C? | back 20 34% |
front 21 If T equals 27%, what is G? | back 21 23% |
front 22 DNA structure | back 22 1. nucleotide- the building blocks AKA monomers which join together forming 2.a single DNA or RNA strand held together by phosphodiester bond.4. DNA associates with histone proteins this is called (chromosomes).5.genome |
front 23 Histones | back 23 Acts as a spool. DNA wraps around them. |
front 24 Nuceosome complex | back 24 DNA wrapped around histones DNA abt a meter long |
front 25 genome | back 25 all DNA, all genetic material in an organism |
front 26 Euchromatin | back 26 the dna is losely wound arround the histone. Because its losely wound the DNA is accessable so can be use it to make proteins |
front 27 heterochromatin | back 27 tightly wound around DNA so DNA is INACCESSIBLE |
front 28 telomere | back 28 the ends of the chromosomes, a noncoding sequence of nucleotides. DNA made of nucleotides at the very end of chromosome but they don't code anything |
front 29 whats the difference between chromosome, and chromatin? | back 29 chromatin is DNA spread out throughout the nucleus. and chromosomes is condenced |
front 30 how do DNA strands run together | back 30 antiparallel |
front 31 If DNA sample is 9% thymine, what is Guanine? | back 31 41% |
front 32 Semi-conservative replication | back 32 when DNA replicates, each new daughter molecule has 1 parental strand and 1 new strand |
front 33 what is the purpose of the cell making another EXACT copy of DNA? | back 33 to make more cells |
front 34 Daughter DNA | back 34 new strand from parental strand, and new strand from the 1st new strand |
front 35 build a new strand 5' ATTGG 3' | back 35 3' TAACC 5' |
front 36 3 major steps of DNA replication ( all occuring during S phase ) | back 36 1. deciding where to start 2.seperate parent strand 3.make parent strand |
front 37 several problems the cell needs to overcome | back 37 1. supercoiling 2. DNA polymerase 3. DNA polymerase cant ADD to 5' |
front 38 supercoiling | back 38 seperating twisted strands |
front 39 DNA polymerase | back 39 cant start from scratch. can only add to the 3' end of a pre-existing nucleotide chain. CANNOT create a new. DNA polymerase will take RNA nucleotides and polymerize them |
front 40 what can DNA polymerase also NOT do | back 40 replicate ends of DNA (telomeres). this is called end replication problem which is ONLY in eukaryotic cells |
front 41 deciding where to start ( 1st major step of DNA replication ) | back 41 theres DNA sequences called origins of replication that start the process. Eukaryotes have multiple origins or replications. At O of R a replication bubble forms. DNA seperates forming replication bubble |
front 42 seperating parental strands ( 2nd step of DNA replication ) | back 42 The first one, Helicase( unzips DNA ), seperates strands by breaking the H bonds btw base pairs. This requires ATP energy. single strand binding proteins which arent enzymes, bind to base pairs preventing hydrogen bonds from reforming Topoisomerase- solves supercoiling problem by moving ahead of helicase of replication bubble and cuts the DNA like scissors, allows DNA to unwind and re-attaches the DNA |
front 43 where does the energy to build DNA come from | back 43 dioxy nucleotide triphosphtes ( dNTPs ) they had deoxy sugar |
front 44 DNA primase is a type of ... | back 44 RNA polymerase |
front 45 RNA polymerase | back 45 Makes a short stretch of rna at begining of replication, giving dna polymerase a free hydroxyl group to add on to. |
front 46 what happens when RNA primase gets removed and there's a gap leaving: .........gap..........5'GGACTGAGCAT3' | back 46 theres no way to fill in gap, so DNA gets shorter and shorter with every replication event. So telomeres will be gone, and cell will not be able to divide anymore so cells get old and die |
front 47 what does DNA polymerase use to add nucleotides to newly growing DNA strand | back 47 RNA as a primer |
front 48 leading strand | back 48 newly growing strand whos 3’ end is pointed toward replication fork. synthesis of the leading strand is continuous |
front 49 lagging strand | back 49 newly forming DNA strand whos 5’ end is pointed toward replication fork , synthesis of this lagging strand is discontinuous |
front 50 okazaki fragments | back 50 pieces of the lagging strand |
front 51 ligase stitches(5th enzyme) | back 51 connects okazaki fragments together |
front 52 end replication | back 52 protects against cancer |
front 53 Telomerase ( enzyme 6) | back 53 solves the replication problem. enzyme thats very active in the embryo so cells can divide many times. As we age level of telomerase decrease to almost nothing |
front 54 telomerase adds to 3' end of DNA strand extending it... | back 54 the lagging strand with the gap from RNA primase is filled in by DNA polymerase liked by DNA ligase |