front 1 Taxonomy Pyramid from bottom to top (Do Koalas Perfer Chocolate Or Fruit, Generally Speaking?) | back 1 Domain Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species |
front 2 Biological Taxonomy | back 2 where classifications follow a specific hierarchy that gets increasingly refined as you work down the ranks (top to bottom) |
front 3 Secies | back 3 a group of organisms that are able to reproduce and produce viable offspring |
front 4 Domains in Prokaryotes | back 4 bacteria, archaea |
front 5 Domains in Eukaryotes | back 5 eukarya |
front 6 Species Name | back 6 homo sapiens |
front 7 Genus in the Species Name | back 7 homo |
front 8 Specific Epithet in Species Name | back 8 sapiens |
front 9 Monera | back 9 single referring to single-celled organisms |
front 10 Three Characteristics of Prokaryotic Cells | back 10 - DNA is circular - No membrane-bound nucleus - No membrane-bound organelles |
front 11 Extremophiles | back 11 a very old group of organisms that inhabit the more extreme environments |
front 12 Characteristics of Domain Archaea | back 12
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front 13 Introns | back 13 the non-coding parts of a gene |
front 14 Domain Archaea: Extremophiles | back 14
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front 15 Methanogens | back 15
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front 16 Halophiles | back 16
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front 17 Thermoacidophiles | back 17
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front 18 Gram (+) | back 18 where there's lot of peptidoglycan in cell wall; stains violet |
front 19 Gram (-) | back 19 where there's very little peptidoglycan in wall; stains red/pink |
front 20 Domain Bacteria Characteristics | back 20
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front 21 Flagella | back 21 composed of flagellin (protein) |
front 22 Chemotaxis | back 22 movement in response to a chemical gradients (+ or -) |
front 23 Phototaxis | back 23 movement in response to light (+ vs. -) |
front 24 Bacillus's Shape | back 24 rod shape |
front 25 Cocci's Shape | back 25 Round Shape |
front 26 Spirilla's shape | back 26 spiral shape |
front 27 Diplo- | back 27 paired arrangement |
front 28 Strepto- | back 28 chained arrangement |
front 29 Staph- | back 29 cluster arrangement |
front 30 Mitosis | back 30 the process eukaryotes use to divide nuclear DNA during cell division |
front 31 Cell Division | back 31 what is used to replace old cells and grow larger |
front 32 Binary Fission | back 32 how bacteria reproduce |
front 33 Plasmids | back 33 it's self-replicating circular chromosomes not associated with the bacteria's normal chromosome. assists in genetic recombination |
front 34 The three types of Plasmids | back 34
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front 35 Gene Recombination | back 35 horizontal gene transfer |
front 36 Conjugation | back 36 the transfer of DNA between two bacterial cells which are temporarily joined |
front 37 Transformation | back 37 the process of taking in DNA from the external environment |
front 38 Transduction | back 38 the transfer of DNA between prokaryotes by viruses |
front 39 Bacteriophages | back 39 viruses that infect bacteria also commandeers a cell’s resources to make more of it |
front 40 Endospores | back 40 used to withstand harsh conditions in bacteria (domain) |
front 41 Photoautotroph Energy Source | back 41 Light |
front 42 Chemoautotroph Energy Source | back 42 Inorganic compounds |
front 43 Photoheterotroph Energy Source | back 43 Light |
front 44 Chemoheterotroph Energy Source | back 44 Organic compounds |
front 45 Photoautotroph Carbon Source | back 45 CO2 |
front 46 Chemoautotroph Carbon Source | back 46 CO2 |
front 47 Photoheterotroph Carbon Source | back 47 Organic Compounds |
front 48 Chemoheterotroph Carbon Source | back 48 Organic Compunds |
front 49 Chemoheterotroph Example | back 49 A majority of b acteria |
front 50 Saprobes | back 50 they feed of dead organisms |
front 51 Parasites | back 51 they feed on a living host |
front 52 Obligate Aerobe | back 52 requires oxygen ex. most bacteria |
front 53 Facultative Anaerobe | back 53 can grow with or without oxygen usually grows faster with it |
front 54 Obligate Anaerobe | back 54 poisoned by oxygen must have oxygen free (anoxic) environment |
front 55 Symbiosis | back 55 An ecological relationship between different species which are in direct contact with each other |
front 56 Effects of Mutualism on Species A and B | back 56 both species benefit from it |
front 57 Effects of Commensalism on Species A and B | back 57 Species A benefits from it Species B is neither harmed nor gets benefits from it |
front 58 Effects of Parasitism on Species A and B | back 58 Species A benefits from it Species B is harmed by it |
front 59 Effects of Ammensalism on Species A and B | back 59 Species A is neither harmed nor gets benefits from it Species B is harmed by it |
front 60 Example of Mutualism | back 60 the microbes in our guts Species A: We give them a place to live and food (benefit) Species B: They make vitamin K for us (benefit) |
front 61 Example of Commensalism | back 61 a bird living in a hole in a tree Species A: the tree already had a hole, so it is neither harmed nor benefitted Species B: the bird gets a home, thus benefits from the relationship |
front 62 Example of Ammensalism | back 62 you stepping on an ant you never saw Species A: the ant is dead, thus is harmed Species B: you are neither harmed nor benefitted from the interaction |
front 63 Example of Parasitism | back 63 a tapeworm in your intestines Species A: the tapeworm gets a home and nutrition (benefit) Species B: you are harmed because it is taking nutrition you need |
front 64 The 5 Kingdoms of Domain Bacteria (Please, Can Spiders Get + Blue Cars?) | back 64 Kingdom Proteobacteria Kingdom Chlamydia Kingdom Spirochetes Kingdom Gram + Bacteria Kingdom Cyanobacteria |
front 65 Kingdom Proteobacteria Subgroups (ABGDE) | back 65 Alpha Proteobacteria Beta Proteobacteria Gamma Proteobacteria Delta Proteobacteria Epsilon Proteobacteria |
front 66 Alpha Proteobacteria | back 66 Many species in this subgroup are symbiotic with plant Mutualism Ex: Rhizobium |
front 67 Beta Proteobacteria | back 67 Many species in this subgroup are nutritionally diverse and oxidizes ammonia to nitrites (nitrogen recyclers) Mutualism ex. Neisserria gonorrhoeae – causes gonorrhea |
front 68 Gamma Proteobacteria | back 68 Many species in this subgroup oxidizes hydrogen sulfide to sulfur ex. Escherichia coli, Vibrio cholerae – Cholera, Salmonella, Legionella – Legionnaire's Disease |
front 69 Delta Proteobacteria | back 69 Many species in this subgroup have slime Producing Myxobacteria ex. Bdellovibrios that consume other bacteria |
front 70 Epsilon Proteobacteria | back 70 Many species in this subgroup have pathogens to humans and various animals. ex. Heliociobacter pylori – Stomach ulcers and Camphylobactor – Blood Poisoning and Intestinal inflammation |
front 71 Kingdom Chlamydia Characteristics | back 71 this kingdom survives only in animal cells, steals ATP from inside animal cells (Parasitism), and has an odd cell wall that stains gram negative ex. Chlydia trachomatis – Causes blindness and non-gonococcal urethritis (most common STI) |
front 72 Kingdom Spirochetes Characteristics | back 72 this kingdom uses Flagella to “spiral” through an environment (bacterial Flagella made of Flagellum) ex. Treponema pallidum – Syphilis and Borrelia burgdorferi – Lyme Disease |
front 73 Kingdom Cyanobacteria Characteristics | back 73 this kingdom is photosynthetic, it uses photosystem 1 and 2 and contains chlorophyll a [does not have chloroplasts (or other membrane bound organelles) and has chlorophyll found in thylakoid membranes scattered throughout cell], it has organisms arranged in filaments, and some have heterocyst's which convert nitrogen to ammonia like alpha proteobacteria ex. Anabaena |
front 74 Kingdom Gram Positive Bacteria Characteristics | back 74 this kingdom contains 2 species of Actinomycetes which causes Tuberculosis and Leprosy, responsible for the “earthy” odor of rich soil, and some are sources of antibiotics; includes Mycoplasmas, the only bacteria that does not have a cell wall Still grouped with the gram positives, smallest of all bacteria, and one species causes “walking pneumonia” Ammensalism ex. Streptomyces – produces the antibotic streptomycin that can destroy other bacteria, Bacillus anthracis – produces anthrax, and Clostridium botulinum – botulism (paralysis, from contaminated food/water) |
front 75 Gram Staining: + Charged Crystal Violet | back 75 Primary stain positive=purple |
front 76 Gram Staining: Iodine Binds to Crystal Violet | back 76 fixes the crystal violet |
front 77 Gram Staining: Alcohol | back 77 shrinks peptidoglycan OR dissolves outer membrane |
front 78 Gram Staining: + Charged Safranin | back 78 counterstain negative=red/pink |
front 79 Zone of Inhibition | back 79 where there's a clear spot around the dot. The bigger and clearer the clear area = the more effective the antibiotic is |