front 1 element | back 1 a substance that cannot be chemically broken down into a simpler substance |
front 2 compound | back 2 a substance containing two or more chemically bonded together |
front 3 molecule | back 3 a group of atoms covalently bonded together |
front 4 atom | back 4 the smallest particle an element be divided into and still be the same substance |
front 5 kinetic particle theory | back 5 how particles move in relation to each other and the amount of energy within the system |
front 6 water vapor | back 6 gaseous phase / state of water produced when water evaporates |
front 7 proton | back 7 a positively charged subatomic particle contained within the nucleus of an atom |
front 8 neutrons | back 8 a neutral subatomic particle contained within the nucleus of an atom |
front 9 electron | back 9 a negatively charged subatomic particle that orbits the nucleus of an atom |
front 10 nucleus | back 10 the positively charged central core of an atom that is made of protons and neutrons |
front 11 shells | back 11 each of a set of orbitals around the nucleus of an atom that can be occupied by electrons |
front 12 atomic number | back 12 the number of protons contained in the nucleus of an atom |
front 13 bond | back 13 a strong force of attraction holding atoms together in a substance |
front 14 emergent properties | back 14 characteristics that are present within a compound or molecule of two or more different elements that those elements do not possess on their own |
front 15 covalent bond | back 15 chemical bond that involves the sharing of electron pairs between atoms |
front 16 ionic bond | back 16 chemical bond that involves the attraction between two oppositely charged ions |
front 17 hydrogen bond | back 17 a weak bond between two molecules due to the electrostatic attraction between a hydrogen atom in one molecule and an atom of oxygen, nitrogen or fluorine in the other molecule |
front 18 ion | back 18 an atom or molecule that has lost or gained one or more electrons creating an electrical charge |
front 19 polar | back 19 when opposing sides of a molecule have contrasting (partial) electrical charges |
front 20 solvent | back 20 a substance which is able to dissolve other substances |
front 21 density | back 21 a measure of the mass of a defined volume of water |
front 22 specific heat capacity | back 22 the heat required to raise the temperature of the unit mass of a given substance by one degree Celsius |
front 23 solute | back 23 a solid that dissolves in a solvent |
front 24 solution | back 24 a mixture of a solute dissolved in a solvent |
front 25 solubility | back 25 the ability of a solute to dissolve within a solvent (such as water) |
front 26 dissolution | back 26 the process of being disolved |
front 27 salinity | back 27 a measure of the quantity of dissolved solids in ocean water, represented by ppt or % |
front 28 precipitation | back 28 water that falls from the atmosphere to the Earth's surface as rain, sleet, snow or hail |
front 29 runoff | back 29 the flow of water from land caused by precipitation |
front 30 evaporation | back 30 a change in state from liquid to gas below the boiling point of a substance |
front 31 hypersaline | back 31 when a body of water has a salinity level greater than 40 ppt |
front 32 halocline | back 32 a layer of water below the mixed surface layer where a rapid change in salinity can be measured as depth increases |
front 33 thermocline | back 33 a layer between two layers of water with different temperatures |
front 34 pH | back 34 a numeric value expressing the acidity or alkalinity of a solution on a logarithmic scale |
front 35 acidic | back 35 having a pH below 7 |
front 36 alkaline | back 36 having a pH above 7 |
front 37 neutral | back 37 having a pH that equals 7 |
front 38 pH scale | back 38 a logarithmic scale that measures the ratio of hydrogen ions to hydroxide ions |
front 39 turbulence | back 39 irregular changes in the speed and direction of fluid movement |
front 40 dissolved oxygen (DO) | back 40 concentration of oxygen dissolved in a solution |
front 41 phytoplankton | back 41 microscopic photosynthetic organisms that live in the upper, sunlit layers of water |
front 42 oxygen minimum layer | back 42 the layer within the ocean where the concentration of dissolved oxygen is at its lowest, typically found between 100 and 1000 m deep |
front 43 water column | back 43 a vertical section water from the surface to the bottom |
front 44 gradient | back 44 the rate of change in the y-axis value as the x-axis value increases |
front 45 thermal insulator | back 45 a substance which reduces the rate of transfer of thermal energy |
front 46 pycnocline | back 46 a layer of water between two layers of water with different densities |
front 47 principle of constant proportions | back 47 the ratio of any two major ions dissolved in seawater is constant |