A student who obtained a percentile rank of 75 on an achievement test is best characterized as having

Scored higher than 75% of the test takers

A test that is valid must

be reliable

A young child says "Where did you goed?" Which of the following psy- chologists would most likely argue that the child is overregularizing a logical grammatical rule?

Noam Chomsky

According to the information-processing view of memory, the first stage in memory processing involves

encoding

All human languages have several basic sounds in common called

- phonemes

In the morning, Jorge watched a cartoon about a sarcastic rabbit. Later, in his psychology class, he viewed the image above and readily identified it as a rabbit instead of a duck. Which of the following best explains this phenomenon?

priming

A researcher shows the same video of an automobile accident to two different groups of participants. Participants in group one are asked; "Did you see a broken headlight?" Participants in group two are asked; "Did you see the broken headlight?" The researcher finds that participants in group two are much more likely to recall having seen a broken headlight, even though there actually was no broken headlight in the video. The researcher is investigating the effects of which of the following on recall?

framing

Barbara is a talented architect. On which type of intelligence will she most heavily rely to complete her next building design?

spatial

Brad hears a report on the evening news that diets low in carbohydrates are beneficial to one's health. Later he hears another report condemning low-carbohydrate diets as harmful to one's health. Based upon research on belief perseverance, how would Brad respond to this new information?

continue to believe in the beneficial effects of low-carbohydrate diets

Five-year-old Tahani is entering a school where English is the only language spoken, but in her home, her family uses a combination of both English and her family's native language. When she starts school, she takes a test measuring her English language development. Her score is well below that of the other children in her class, most of whom live in homes where only one language is spoken. Which of the following is the most likely explanation for Tahani's test scores?

Because Tahani speaks more than one language, her proficiency in each language may come later than for her monolingual peers.

Alfred Binet's efforts to measure intelligence were directed at

predicting children's success in school

When trying to solve a problem, Bret uses a logical, step-by-step formula called

An algorithm

A word or part of a word that is in itself meaningful, but that cannot be broken into smaller meaningful units, is called a

Morpheme

The component of intelligence described by Raymond Cattell as involving the ability to understand logical relationships, reason abstractly, and learn quickly is related to which of the following

fluid intelligence

According to Noam Chomsky, understanding a sentence involves which of the following transformations between structures?

Surface to deep

Chuck recalls the day last summer when he fell of his bicycle and scraped his knee. This is an example of

episodic memory

Research on a critical period during the acquisition of second languages indicates that which of the following statements is true?

The older an individual is, the more difficulty he or she will have with second-language pronunciation

When confronted with the sequence "_N_" at the end of a word in a cross- word puzzle, Tony inserts the letters "I" and "G" in the two blanks because that procedure has often led to the correct answer in previous puzzles. This example illustrates the use of

An algorithm

People who have difficulty remembering recently learned materials because of similar information learned earlier in life are demonstrating the phenomenon of

proactive interference

Elena is presented with a list of 20 numbers. When asked to recall this list, she remembers more numbers from the beginning than from the end of the list. This phenomenon demonstrates which of the following types of effect?

Primacy Effect

Which of the following is an example of a prelinguistic event

Babbling

After having a stroke resulting from a blockage of blood to the medial temporal lobe, Gerald could not remember new information, such as the books he had just read, new songs he had just heard, or the faces of new people he had just met. Gerald was experiencing

Anterograde amnesia

If mice lack an enzyme essential to the process of long-term potentiation, which of the following will be the most likely consequence?

They will be unable to learn a maze.

In elementary school, Lisa learned to speak some Japanese in addition to English. As a sophomore in high school, Lisa took a class in Chinese. She found that some of the new vocabulary was difficult to learn because her earlier Japanese vocabulary was competing with the new Chinese words.This situation best illustrates

Proactive Inference

A sudden inability to remember how to tie a certain kind of knot indicates a deficit in which kind of memory?

Procedural

An individual's ability to remember the day he or she first swam the length of a swimming pool is most clearly an example of which of the following kinds of memory?

Episodic

If Juan tried to learn a long list of words, he would be most likely to forget words that

appeared in the middle of the list

Wolfgang Kohler considered a chimpanzee's sudden solving of a problem evidence of

Insight learning

Marie has to assemble a shelf but cannot find her screwdriver. Which of the following would help her complete this task?

divergent thought

Mary is introduced to three new people at a party. Later, however, she can- not remember the names of any of her new acquaintances, even though she remembers what she ate, her old friends who were there, and the address of the host. What may account for Mary's inability to remember these individuals' names?

She never encoded the names into long-term memory

Memories of well-learned skills, such as riding a bicycle, are classified as

procedural

In a memory study, the experimenter reads the same list of words to two groups. She asks group A to count the letters in each word, and she asks group B to focus on the meaning of each word for a later memory quiz. During a recall test, participants in group B recall significantly more words than participants in group A. Memory researchers attribute this effect to differences in

levels of processing

Mental shortcuts or rules of thumb that help solve problems and reduce mental effort are called

heuristics

Metacognition refers to

the ability to control and be aware of your own thoughts

A normally functioning 65-year-old who cannot solve abstract logic puzzles as quickly as he did when he was younger is experiencing a

decrease in his fluid intelligence

A group of friends watched a recent episode of a crime investigation show and concluded that they would have been able to figure out who was responsible for a crime more proficiently than did the television investigators. The friends' overestimation of their ability to determine who committed the crime is most likely due to a reasoning error known as

Hindsight bias