Fetal Stage

Period that lasts from the 9th week until birth

Chromosomes (number)

46 in total

Male

provides an X or Y Chromosome (23) and determines if the child will be male or female.

Female

provides the x chromosome (23)

Teratogen

Agents that damage the process of
development, such as drugs and viruses

Nutrition = health psychologically and physically

the process of providing or obtaining the food necessary for health and growth.

Fetal Alcohol Syndrome

Developmental disorder that stems from heavy alcohol use by the mother during pregnancy

Tobacco Smoke

Premature birth, low birth weight,
bronchitis, asthma, pneumonia

Habituation

defined as a behavioral response decrement that results from repeated stimulation and that does not involve sensory adaptation/sensory fatigue or motor fatigue

Piaget (Father of Developmental Psychology)

created stages of cognitive development

Stages of Cognitive Development (order)

Sensorimotor stage (birth–2 yrs.) ,Preoperational stage (2–6 yrs.) , Concrete operational stage (6–11 yrs.), Formal operational stage (11 yrs. +)

Sensorimotor

Infants acquire information about the world by sensing it and moving around within it

Preoperational

the stage of cognitive development that begins at about 2 yrs and ends at about 6yr, during which children develop a preliminary understanding of the psychical world.

Concrete Operational

the stage of cognitive development that begins at about 6yr and ends about 11 yrs, during which the children's learn how various actions, or operations, can affect or transform concrete objects.

Formal Operational

the final stage of cognitive development that begins around the age of 11, during which children learn to reason about abstract concepts.

Assimilation

Process by which infants apply
their schemas in novel situations. new experiences are incorporated into existing schemas.

Accommodation

The process by which infants revise their schemas in light of new information. Broadening their understanding of the world.

Sensorimotor

Infants acquire information about the world by sensing it and moving around within it.

Object Permanence

Idea that objects continue to exist
even when they are not visible

Preoperational stage 2-6yr)

Children have a preliminary understanding of the physical world

Egocentrism

difficulty viewing world from another person’s perspective.

Conservation

Notion that the quantitative properties of an object are invariant (doesn’t change) despite changes in the object’s appearance

Theory of Mind

Point at which a child understands that they and others have minds and that these minds represent the world in different ways

Schemas

Theories about or models of the
way the world works

Abstract Thinking

capacity to understand hypothetical concepts

Hypothetical Thinking

Thinking that is based on what is possible, and not just what is real; sometimes referred to as "if-then" thinking.

Lev Vygotsky

believed children develop
through interactions with members of his/her own culture.

Joint Attention

Ability to focus on what another person is focused on

Harry Harlow and Attachment Theory

studied infant attachment using monkey buit with wire and cloth

Socially Isolated Rhesus Monkeys (long-lasting and severe)

not allowed any social contact for the 1st 6 months of life, developed behavioral abnormities. incapable of learning from others and communicating.

Wire “Mother” vs. Cloth “Mother”

had food/nourishment; cloth mother did not have food, but the monkeys attached to the cloth mother despite the lack of nourishment.

John Bowlby and Attachment Theory

Two factors that babies (both human and animal) need for survival:
1. Protection
2. Exploration

Crying, Smiling and Cooing

response that human adults normally respond to

Month that direct attachment signals noticed in children (primary caregiver)

at about 6 months they begin to target the best and fasts responder . this person quickly becomes the emotional center of the infants universe.

Attachment

Emotional bond that forms
between newborns and their primary caregivers (secure, insecure: avoidant, ambivalent, disorganized attachment styles)

Secure Attachment

When the caregiver leaves, secure infants may or may not be distressed. When she returns, the distressed infants go to her and are calmed by her presence, while non- distressed infants acknowledge her with a glance or greeting

Avoidant Attachment

When the caregiver leaves, avoidant infants are not distressed, but when she returns, they don’t acknowledge her

Ambivalent Attachment

When the caregiver leaves, ambivalent infants are distressed, and when she returns, they rebuff her, refusing any attempt at calming while arching their backs and squirming to get away

Disorganized Attachment

When their caregiver leaves and returns, disorganized infants show no consistent pattern of response.

Temperament

Characteristic patterns of emotional reactivity

Day Care’s effect on attachment

depended on the quality of mother-infant attachment.

Internal Working Model

Set of beliefs about the self, the primary caregiver, and the relationship between them

Kohlberg’s Theory of Moral Development

developed a theory of three stages in moral development

Preconventional

(childhood): Morality of an action is
primarily determined by its consequences for the actor

Conventional

(adolescence): Morality of an action is primarily determined by the extent to which it conforms to social
rules and/or norms.

Post Conventional

(rare at any age but mostly in adults): Morality of an action is determined by a set of general principles that reflect core values or inner moral guidelines apart from
society

Adolescence

Period of development that
begins with the onset of sexual maturity (about 11–14 years of age) and lasts until the beginning of adulthood (about 18–21 years of age)

Age onset of adolescence and Gap between childhood and adulthood

Adolescence is the period of transition between childhood and adulthood. Children who are entering adolescence are going through many changes (physical, intellectual, personality and social developmental). Adolescence begins at puberty, which now occurs earlier, on average, than in the past.

Consequences of early onset

early puberty is associated with more depressive disorders, substance use disorders, eating disorders and disruptive behavior disorders.

Adulthood

the stage of development that begins around 18 to 21 years and ends at death

Age onset of adulthood

Adulthood is generally thought to begin at age 20 or 21. Adulthood is the period of human life when full physical and intellectual maturity has been attained.

Happiness in adulthood

This graph shows the results of four independent studies of
marital satisfaction among men and women. All four studies
suggest that marital satisfaction is highest before children
are born and after they leave home

Effects of Having Children

Having a baby is a completely life-changing experience, and it can take time at first to adjust. This can be because of a lack of routine, lack of sleep and getting to know your baby. Up to one in five women and one in ten men are affected by mental health problems during a pregnancy and in the first year after birth