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CH 13

front 1

1. Diurnal is to nocturnal as:
A) night is to day.
B) sleep is to activity.
C) activity is to sleep.
D) day is to night.

back 1

D

front 2

2. The day–night cycle that influences sleeping and waking is called:
A) circadian rhythm.
B) diurnal rhythm.
C) nocturnal rhythm.
D) metabolic rhythm.

back 2

A

front 3

3. _____ is influenced by daily biorhythms.
A) Body temperature
B) Metabolic rate
C) Sexual drive
D) All of the answers are correct.

back 3

D

front 4

4. Our biological rhythms are influenced by:
A) the earth orbiting around the sun.
B) the rotational axis of the planet.
C) light.
D) All of the answers are correct.

back 4

D

front 5

5. Daily fluctuations in the rhythmical movement of plant leaves come from:
A) temperature changes.
B) conditions within the plant.
C) sunlight changes.
D) changes in the electromagnetic field.

back 5

B

front 6

6. The time required for a complete cycle of activity is called a(n):
A) biological rhythm.
B) cycle.
C) period.
D) epoch.

back 6

C

front 7

7. Migratory cycles of birds are examples of:
A) circannual rhythms.
B) circadian rhythms.
C) ultradian rhythms.
D) infradian rhythms.

back 7

A

front 8

8. Daily body-temperature changes are an example of:
A) circannual rhythm.
B) circadian rhythm.
C) ultradian rhythm.
D) infradian rhythm.

back 8

B

front 9

9. Eating behavior is an example of:
A) circadian rhythm.
B) ultradian rhythm.
C) infradian rhythm.
D) circannual rhythm.

back 9

B

front 10

10. Ultradian rhythms have a period of _____, while infradian rhythms have a period of
_____.
A) less than one day; more than one day but less than one year
B) more than one day but less than one year; less than one day
C) one day; less than one day
D) less than one day; one day

back 10

A

front 11

11. When all external cues are removed, animals develop a free-running rhythm. The
free-running rhythm of a human is:
A) 24 hours.
B) more than 24 hours.
C) less than 24 hours.
D) inconsistent and vastly different for all people.

back 11

B

front 12

12. A free-running rhythm is:
A) determined by temperature.
B) determined by light.
C) determined from within the body.
D) determined by temperature and light and from within the body.

back 12

C

front 13

13. When all external cues are removed (e.g., living in a dark, windowless basement)
humans will start:
A) going to bed earlier and earlier every night.
B) going to bed later and later each night.
C) eating less and less.
D) There is no change in sleep–wake cycle.

back 13

B

front 14

14. A biological clock that is entrained:
A) is a free-running rhythm.
B) has been reset by a Zeitgeber.
C) has been temporarily terminated by a hormonal change.
D) is the same as a sequence of rhythms.

back 14

B

front 15

15. If sparrows are tested in constant light, their free-running periods are _____, whereas if
they are tested in constant darkness, their free-running periods are _____.
A) more than 24 hours; less than 24 hours
B) less than 24 hours; more than 24 hours
C) absent; extended
D) extended; absent

back 15

A

front 16

16. The clock on most computers is continually updated and reset via an Internet connection
to a time server. In this example the time server acts as a(n):
A) circadian rhythm.
B) Zeitgeber.
C) free-running rhythm.
D) infradian rhythm.

back 16

B

front 17

17. Which of the following is likely the most potent Zeitgeber?
A) eating times
B) darkness
C) light
D) temperature

back 17

C

front 18

18. Cues that maintain rhythmicity are known as:
A) circadian rhythms.
B) cyclers.
C) pacemakers.
D) Zeitgebers.

back 18

D

front 19

19. Which of the following would be the most effective treatment for your friend who
seems to develop seasonal affective disorder during the winter?
A) alcohol
B) a high-carbohydrate diet
C) phototherapy
D) vitamin C

back 19

C

front 20

20. One of the most common treatments for the control of seasonal affective disorder is:
A) benzodiazepines.
B) white light.
C) seconal.
D) sodium amytal.

back 20

B

front 21

21. Research has shown that Zeitgebers are most effective:
A) at sunrise.
B) at sunset.
C) during the night.
D) at sunrise and sunset.

back 21

D

front 22

22. Morning light resets the biological clock by _____, whereas evening darkness resets the
biological clock by _____.
A) moving it backward; moving it forward
B) moving it forward; moving it forward again
C) moving it backward; moving it backward again
D) moving it forward; moving it backward

back 22

D

front 23

23. Shift workers (e.g., working 7 p.m. to 3 a.m.) tend to develop:
A) insomnia.
B) hypersomnia.
C) metabolic syndrome.
D) anxiety problems.

back 23

C

front 24

24. David routinely works shift work (e.g., from 10 p.m. to 6 a.m.). Recently he has noticed
that he is gaining a lot of weight, is restless and irritable most of the time, and has had a
lot of trouble sleeping. Given these symptoms David may have:
A) depression.
B) metabolic syndrome.
C) a vitamin D deficiency.
D) SAD.

back 24

B

front 25

25. Jet lag would be the worst if you were flying:
A) from Boston to London.
B) from Paris to Rome.
C) from London to New York.
D) from Paris to London.

back 25

A

front 26

26. According to a study by Curt Richter, running, eating, and drinking no longer occurred
at appropriate times following lesions to the:
A) orbitofrontal cortex.
B) thalamus.
C) hypothalamus.
D) tectum.

back 26

C

front 27

27. The suprachiasmatic nucleus is located in the:
A) optic chiasm.
B) thalamus.
C) hypothalamus.
D) cerebellum.

back 27

C

front 28

28. The brain's master clock is housed in the:
A) pineal gland.
B) caudate nucleus.
C) pituitary gland.
D) suprachiasmatic nucleus.

back 28

D

front 29

29. If inputs and outputs from the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) are severed, its neurons:
A) increase their rates of firing.
B) decrease their rates of firing.
C) cease firing altogether.
D) continue to fire at the same rate as before.

back 29

D

front 30

30. Which of the following would describe the electrical activity of neurons in a rat's
suprachiasmatic nucleus if it were removed and placed in a dish?
A) The rhythm of the neurons would speed up.
B) The rhythm of the neurons would slow down.
C) There would be no change in the rhythm of the neurons.
D) It would lose all rhythm.

back 30

C

front 31

31. If you separated the neurons of the suprachiasmatic nucleus, put them in a dish, and then
recorded from the cells:
A) all rhythmicity would be gone.
B) each of the cells would have a slightly different rhythm.
C) all of the cells would have the same rhythm.
D) there would be no activity because all the inputs would be gone.

back 31

B

front 32

32. Light information reaches the suprachiasmatic nucleus via the:
A) lateral geniculate pathway.
B) occipital cortex.
C) thalamic pathway.
D) retinohypothalamic pathway.

back 32

D

front 33

33. Cells in the suprachiasmatic nucleus use the neurotransmitter _____ to help them act in
synchrony.
A) dopamine
B) norepinephrine
C) glutamate
D) GABA

back 33

D

front 34

34. The suprachiasmatic nucleus receives light-related inputs from retinal ganglion cells
containing:
A) melanopsin.
B) rhodopsin.
C) retinol.
D) vitamin A.

back 34

A

front 35

35. Greg had a stroke in both sides of his occipital lobe and is now cortically blind. How
will complete cortical blindness affect Greg's circadian rhythm?
A) His circadian rhythm will cease functioning and he will get his days and nights
confused.
B) There will be no change in his circadian rhythm.
C) His circadian rhythm will speed up.
D) His circadian rhythm will slow down.

back 35

B

front 36

36. Which of the following structures does NOT send inputs to the suprachiasmatic
nucleus?
A) intergeniculate leaflet
B) raphe nucleus
C) retinohypothalamic tract
D) tectopulvinar tract

back 36

D

front 37

37. The effects of lesioning the suprachiasmatic nucleus can be reversed by:
A) intense exposure to light.
B) electrical stimulation.
C) transplants of SCN cells.
D) stem cell transplants.

back 37

C

front 38

38. Steven is often referred to as a morning person because he wakes up at 5 a.m. and goes
to sleep at 10 p.m., whereas Jennifer is described as a night owl because she wakes up at
10 a.m. but stays up until 3 a.m. Steven's and Jennifer's sleeping and waking habits may
differ because of the differences in:
A) diet.
B) exercise.
C) suprachiasmatic nucleus core neurons.
D) suprachiasmatic nucleus shell neurons.

back 38

D

front 39

39. If a female rat is lesioned in the suprachiasmatic nucleus, so her behavior is no longer
rhythmic, and she subsequently becomes pregnant, her pups will:
A) fail to develop a circadian rhythm.
B) have to learn rhythmic behavior by watching intact rats.
C) develop a normal circadian rhythm.
D) adopt nocturnal rhythms.

back 39

C

front 40

40. Rhythmicity in the suprachiasmatic nucleus likely:
A) is learned.
B) originated elsewhere in the brain.
C) is genetically determined.
D) developed as the result of sunlight.

back 40

C

front 41

41. Eating, body temperature, and motor activity are hypothesized to be driven by:
A) pacemakers.
B) slave oscillators.
C) entrainment cells.
D) phase modulators.

back 41

B

front 42

42. Lesions to the suprachiasmatic nucleus:
A) abolish eating.
B) abolish sleep.
C) disrupt the timing of sleep and eating.
D) have no effect on either eating or sleeping.

back 42

C

front 43

43. Which of the following neural structures functions as a pacemaker?
A) lateral geniculate nucleus
B) amygdala
C) suprachiasmatic nucleus
D) hypothalamic nucleus

back 43

C

front 44

44. The suprachiasmatic nucleus entrains slave oscillators via connection(s) with the:
A) thalamus.
B) hypothalamus.
C) pituitary.
D) All of the answers are correct.

back 44

D

front 45

45. _____ promote(s) rest and relaxation, whereas _____ promote(s) arousal.
A) Glucocorticoids; melatonin
B) Melatonin; glucocorticoids
C) GABA; melatonin
D) Glucocorticoids; GABA

back 45

B

front 46

46. The suprachiasmatic nucleus controls the release of the hormone(s):
A) melatonin.
B) glucocorticoid.
C) thyroid-stimulating hormone.
D) melatonin and glucocorticoid.

back 46

D

front 47

47. Melatonin is released primarily during the _____ of the circadian cycle.
A) dark
B) light
C) midday portion
D) early morning portion

back 47

A

front 48

48. Which of the following sequences accurately depicts the process by which rhythms are
linked to hormones?
A) suprachiasmatic nucleus, slave oscillators, hormone release
B) slave oscillators, suprachiasmatic nucleus, hormone release
C) hormone release, suprachiasmatic nucleus, slave oscillators
D) suprachiasmatic nucleus, hormone release, slave oscillators

back 48

A

front 49

49. Melatonin is secreted by the:
A) suprachiasmatic nucleus.
B) pineal gland.
C) gonads.
D) hypothalamus.

back 49

B

front 50

50. Male hamsters who are exposed to _____ light levels have enlarged gonads, whereas
male hamsters who are exposed to _____ light levels have smaller gonads.
A) increased; decreased
B) decreased; increased
C) constant; decreased
D) increased; constant

back 50

A

front 51

51. Rats trained to associate a particular place with the delivery of a small electric shock
tend to show poorest recall for the association when they are tested at:
A) a consistent time of day.
B) varying times of day.
C) a consistent location.
D) both a consistent location and a consistent time of day.

back 51

B

front 52

52. Electromyography (EMG) measures:
A) brain wave activity.
B) muscle activity.
C) eye movements.
D) heart rate.

back 52

B

front 53

53. Electrooculography (EOG) measures:
A) brain wave activity.
B) muscle activity.
C) eye movements.
D) heart rate.

back 53

C

front 54

54. Sleep is commonly measured using an:
A) electroencephalograph.
B) electromyograph.
C) electrooculograph.
D) All of the answers are correct.

back 54

D

front 55

55. What is the correct order of EEG patterns, from lowest to highest frequency?
A) alpha, beta, delta
B) beta, alpha, delta
C) delta, alpha, beta
D) delta, beta, alpha

back 55

C

front 56

56. A waking EEG rhythm is the same as:
A) alpha rhythm.
B) beta rhythm.
C) delta rhythm.
D) theta rhythm.

back 56

B

front 57

57. Which of the following rhythms occurs during sleep?
A) alpha rhythm
B) beta rhythm
C) delta rhythm
D) theta rhythm

back 57

C

front 58

58. John is participating in a sleep study. While examining John's EEG pattern, the
researcher notices that the waves are extremely regular, with a frequency of 7 to 11 Hz.
Based on this observation the researcher can conclude that:
A) John is still wide awake and alert.
B) John is asleep.
C) John is dreaming.
D) John is awake but relaxed, with his eyes closed.

back 58

D

front 59

59. Sarah is participating in a sleep study. Although she appears to be sleeping, her EEG
pattern exhibits fast brain wave activity, and the recording from the electrooculogram
seems to indicate that she is moving her eyes. This suggests that Sarah:
A) is having a seizure.
B) is lying with her eyes closed and is relaxed but not actually sleeping.
C) has a sleep disorder.
D) is in REM sleep.

back 59

D

front 60

60. The EEG patterns taken from skull recordings of REM sleep are characterized by:
A) low-frequency waves, as if the person were awake.
B) low-frequency waves similar to those found in stage 4 sleep.
C) high-frequency waves, as if the person were awake.
D) high-frequency waves similar to those found in stage 2 sleep.

back 60

C

front 61

61. The data collected when subjects are awakened at various times suggest that _____ is
the deepest sleep.
A) stage 1
B) stage 2
C) stage 3
D) stage 4

back 61

D

front 62

62. REM (rapid eye movement) sleep occurs during:
A) stage 1.
B) stage 2.
C) stages 3 and 4.
D) None of the answers is correct.

back 62

D

front 63

63. Body temperature _____ during NREM sleep and _____ during REM sleep.
A) decreases; increases
B) stays constant; decreases
C) stays constant; increases
D) increases; decreases

back 63

A

front 64

64. In the first part of a night's sleep, _____ sleep is prominent, whereas in the second part,
_____ sleep dominates.
A) REM; NREM
B) NREM; REM
C) stage 1; stage 3
D) stage 3; stage 1

back 64

B

front 65

65. REM sleep is most frequent in:
A) children.
B) adolescents.
C) middle age.
D) the elderly.

back 65

A

front 66

66. Adults spend _____ in REM sleep than children.
A) more time
B) less time
C) the same amount of time
D) Children do not engage in REM sleep.

back 66

B

front 67

67. Someone who feels tingling and pain in the legs at night when trying to sleep may have:
A) poor blood circulation.
B) had too much caffeine during the day.
C) restless legs syndrome.
D) sleep dystonia.

back 67

C

front 68

68. Restless legs syndrome is most common in:
A) men.
B) women.
C) teenagers.
D) seniors.

back 68

B

front 69

69. Restless legs syndrome is sometimes treated with:
A) l-dopa
B) SSRIs
C) benzodiazepines
D) haloperidol

back 69

A

front 70

70. Sleepwalking can occur in:
A) all stages of NREM sleep.
B) stage 4 sleep.
C) REM sleep.
D) stage 1 sleep.

back 70

B

front 71

71. Victoria is watching her cat sleep on the floor. The cat is sprawled out and its legs seem
to be twitching. It would appear that her cat is in _____.
A) stage 2 sleep
B) stage 3 sleep
C) stage 4 sleep
D) REM sleep

back 71

B

front 72

72. Dreaming occurs most commonly during:
A) stage 1 and 2 sleep.
B) stage 3 and 4 sleep.
C) REM sleep.
D) all five stages of sleep.

back 72

C

front 73

73. Night terrors, or brief, frightening dreams, occur during:
A) REM sleep.
B) stage 2 and 3 sleep.
C) stage 3 and 4 sleep.
D) stage 2, 3, and 4 sleep.

back 73

D

front 74

74. Studies of dream content revealed that most dreams are associated with:
A) sex.
B) happiness.
C) sadness and anger.
D) sensations of falling.

back 74

C

front 75

75. The theory that dreams signify distant human memories was expounded by:
A) Sigmund Freud.
B) Carl Jung.
C) J. Allan Hobson.
D) Anttio Revonsuo.

back 75

B

front 76

76. According to psychoanalysts, the _____ of dreams was important, as it might reveal
insight into the patient's problems.
A) manifest content
B) sexual content
C) latent content
D) frequency

back 76

C

front 77

77. According to the _____ hypothesis, dreams are taken from an individual's personal
memories and experience but have no meaning.
A) Freudian
B) activation–synthesis
C) Jungian
D) evolutionary

back 77

B

front 78

78. The coping hypothesis of dreams was expounded by:
A) Sigmund Freud.
B) Carl Jung.
C) J. Allen Hobson.
D) Anttio Revonsuo.

back 78

D

front 79

79. As a general rule _____ tend to sleep more than _____.
A) predators; prey
B) prey; predators
C) humans; cats
D) dogs; cats

back 79

A

front 80

80. Which of the following sleeps the most?
A) opossum
B) human
C) cat
D) donkeY

back 80

A

front 81

81. For humans, the basic rest–activity cycle is approximately:
A) 1 hour.
B) 1.5 hours.
C) 3.5 hours.
D) 4 hours.

back 81

B

front 82

82. Sleep-deprived subjects:
A) show adverse physiological consequences.
B) show poor cognitive performance.
C) cannot complete complex tasks.
D) All of the answers are correct.

back 82

B

front 83

83. The most likely function of sleep is:
A) the restoration of tissue.
B) still not definitively known.
C) the consolidation of memories.
D) the expression of repressed feelings.

back 83

B

front 84

84. A brief period of sleeping lasting a second or so is known as:
A) a minisleep.
B) a nap.
C) a microsleep.
D) passing out.

back 84

C

front 85

85. People who are deprived of REM sleep:
A) show an increased tendency to enter REM sleep later.
B) become mentally unstable.
C) sleepwalk.
D) need to sleep for twice as long as normal.

back 85

A

front 86

86. REM sleep can be abolished by:
A) lower brainstem damage.
B) tricyclic antidepressants.
C) serotonin reuptake inhibitors.
D) All of the answers are correct.

back 86

D

front 87

87. Loss of REM sleep can result from damage to the:
A) lower brainstem.
B) hippocampus.
C) upper brainstem.
D) cerebellum.

back 87

A

front 88

88. Sleep spindles and K complexes are associated with:
A) REM sleep.
B) NREM sleep.
C) dreaming.
D) daydreaming.

back 88

B

front 89

89. Some researchers have suggested that NREM sleep is critical for _____, whereas REM sleep is critical for _____.
A) habitual memory consolidation; implicit memory consolidation
B) explicit memory consolidation; implicit memory consolidation
C) motor memory; factual memory
D) restorative processes; memory
Pag

back 89

B

front 90

90. Stimulation of the reticular activating system results in _____ in the EEG.
A) desynchronization
B) spindle activity
C) rhythmic activity
D) large, slow waves

back 90

A

front 91

91. Damage to the brainstem can result in: A) narcolepsy.
B) insomnia.
C) coma.
D) hyperactivity.

back 91

C

front 92

92. Which of the following neurotransmitters are likely responsible for waking?
A) serotonin and dopamine
B) serotonin and acetylcholine
C) acetylcholine and dopamine
D) acetylcholine and GABA

back 92

B

front 93

93. _____ is responsible for the waking associated with being still and alert, whereas _____ is responsible for the waking associated with movement.
A) Serotonin; norepinephrine
B) Norepinephrine; serotonin
C) Acetylcholine; serotonin D) Serotonin; acetylcholine

back 93

C

front 94

94. You are driving on the highway at night and you are getting very sleepy. To keep yourself awake you can stimulate your serotonergic neurons by:
A) drinking coffee.
B) listening to music.
C) shaking your head or stretching.
D) having a snack.

back 94

C

front 95

95. The _____ initiates REM sleep.
A) medial pontine reticular formation
B) inferior olivary nucleus
C) suprachiasmatic nucleus
D) peribrachial area

back 95

D

front 96

96. The atonia associated with REM sleep is controlled by the:
A) peribrachial area.
B) medial pontine reticular formation.
C) subcoerulear nucleus.
D) raphe nuclei.

back 96

C

front 97

97. The _____ initiates the rapid eye movements that occur during REM sleep.
A) peribrachial area
B) medial pontine reticular formation
C) subcoerulear nucleus
D) raphe nuclei

back 97

B

front 98

98. An insomniac is a person who:
A) sleeps excessively.
B) falls asleep without warning.
C) cannot sleep.
D) sleeps only during the day.

back 98

C

front 99

99. Insomnia can be caused by:
A) anxiety.
B) depression.
C) sleeping pills.
D) anxiety, depression, and sleeping pills.

back 99

D

front 100

100. Sleeping pills commonly:
A) become addictive.
B) deprive a person of REM sleep.
C) cause rebound insomnia.
D) All of the answers are correct.

back 100

D

front 101

101. Narcolepsy can be treated with:
A) opioids.
B) Ritalin.
C) SSRIs.
D) antipsychotic drugs.

back 101

B

front 102

102. A person who suddenly falls down and is temporarily paralyzed most likely has: A) narcolepsy.
B) cataplexy. C) hypnogogy. D) apnea.

back 102

B

front 103

103. A person who snores and is very overweight is at risk for developing:
A) restless legs syndrome.
B) narcolepsy.
C) sleep apnea.
D) seasonal affective disorder.

back 103

B

front 104

104. Hypnogogic hallucinations are associated with:
A) narcolepsy.
B) cataplexy.
C) sleep apnea.
D) REM without atonia.

back 104

B

front 105

107. Knockout mice that were selectively bred not to have the gene for producing orexin were found to have:
A) sleep apnea.
B) narcolepsy.
C) cataplexy.
D) All of the answers are correct.

back 105

C

front 106

106. Cataplexy is a sleep disorder in which:
A) one cannot go into REM sleep.
B) atonia does not occur during REM and people act out their dreams.
C) atonia suddenly occurs in an awake, alert individual.
D) one is overcome by a sudden urge to sleep.

back 106

C

front 107

105. Research into the neural basis of cataplexy has shown that during episodes of cataplexy:
A) neurons in the subcoerulear nucleus become inactive.
B) neurons in the magnocellular nucleus of the medulla become active.
C) neurons in the peribrachial area become active.
D)neurons in the subcoerulear nucleus become inactive and neurons in the
magnocellular nucleus of the medulla become active.

back 107

D