front 1 Whats the plasma membrane composed mainly of? | back 1 Phospholipids |
front 2 the principal components of the plasma membrane? | back 2 lipids(phospholipids, and cholesterol), proteins, carbohydrates |
front 3 what is NOT a cell membrane component? | back 3 Nucleic acids |
front 4 what region of the cell membrane are hydrophobic? | back 4 the tails facing the interior |
front 5 What region of the cell membrane is hydrophilic? | back 5 the head group which interacts with water |
front 6 Membrane has hydrophobic or hydrophilic core? | back 6 Has hydrophobic core |
front 7 what is imbedded in the membrane? | back 7 proteins, throughout the membrane |
front 8 what carbohydrates are attached to lipids? | back 8 glycolipids |
front 9 what are carbohydrates that are attached to proteins? | back 9 glycoprotein |
front 10 Cholesterol exists where in the membrane? | back 10 embedded in hydrophobic core of the membrane |
front 11 Fluid mosaic model | back 11 model of the membrane. |
front 12 membrane is considered mosaic of? | back 12 lipids, phospholipids in cholesterol, proteins and carbohydrates. |
front 13 why is mosaic fluid | back 13 its a fluid because it is not rigid, it is between solid, and liquid. lipids can move relative to eachother |
front 14 what are proteins in the membrane? | back 14 integral proteins, lipid anchored proteins, peripheral proteins |
front 15 integral proteins | back 15 referred to as transmembrane protein, they span the entire membrane |
front 16 lipid anchored proteins | back 16 covalently bonded to the phospholipids, an amino acid side chain in the membrane |
front 17 peripheral protein | back 17 non-covalently bound to integral proteins. weak bond, can pop on and off membrane easily |
front 18 why is the membrane fluid? | back 18 molecules can move in the membrane. they can spin in their axis, they can go in circles where they are, moving laterally in their membrane leaflet |
front 19 what is a Membrane leaflet? | back 19 one side of the membrane |
front 20 what can molecules NOT do in their leaflet? | back 20 move from 1 leaflet to another leaflet because the tails are hydrophobic and the head is hydrophilic. |
front 21 whats the ONLY exception to molecules moving from leaflet to leaflet? | back 21 if their is a special protein, an enzyme called flippace, and you'll need ATP |
front 22 flippace | back 22 an enzyme(proteins) embedded in the phospholipids bilayer that requires ATP to transport lipids from leaflet to leaflet |
front 23 fluidity means | back 23 individual molecules remain in |
front 24 semifluid | back 24 most lipids can rotate freely |
front 25 what are 3 factors affecting fluidity? | back 25 Length of fatty acid tails, presence of double bonds in fatty acid tail(acyl acid), and presence of cholesterol |
front 26 factor affecting fluidity, length of fatty acid tails | back 26 shorter tails mean more fluidity, they,re less likely to interact than if they were long tails, which makes the membrane more fluid. |
front 27 factor affecting fluidity? presence of double bonds in fatty acid tails | back 27 double bonds kink in fatty acid tails. making in more difficult for neighboring tails to interact and make the bilayer more fluid |
front 28 factors affecting fluidity? presence of cholesterol | back 28 cholesterol decreases the fluidity of the membrane, and stabilizes the membrane |
front 29 cholesterol | back 29 4 interconnected carbon rings |
front 30 what it means when proteins are anchored to cytoskeloton? | back 30 that they can NOT move |
front 31 can lipids move in the membrane in all cellular ways? | back 31 Yes! they just CAN NOT flip |
front 32 Selectively permeable | back 32 prevents certain molecules from getting in and getting out of the cell |
front 33 selectively permeable structure ensures.. | back 33 essential molecules enter, metabolic intermediates remain, and waste products exit |
front 34 Diffusion | back 34 net movement of a solute from a region of high [ ] to low [ ]. does NOT require energy, is Passive. |
front 35 example of diffusion | back 35 perfume, people on a bus |
front 36 is diffusion passive? | back 36 Yes. it does not require any additional energy input from the cell. Cell doesn't have to expend any energy for diffusion to happen. |
front 37 passive diffusion | back 37 Diffusion of a solute |
front 38 does the cell have to expend any energy for diffusion to take place? | back 38 NO |
front 39 movement by thermal energy | back 39 high concentrated molecules are bouncing off of each other eventually into the open space randomly |
front 40 brownian motion | back 40 random bouncing |
front 41 what type of environment promotes molecules to move around fast and bounce around? and what happens with diffusion? | back 41 on hot plates molecules move/bounce around fast, increasing the rate of diffusion |
front 42 what type of environment do molecules move around slowly, and what happens with diffusion? | back 42 in a freezer molecules will move slower, decreasing the rate of diffusion |
front 43 phospholipid bilayer barrier | back 43 A barrier to molecules/ions that is hydrophilic due to hydrophobic interior. |
front 44 what is a cell membrane impermeable to? | back 44 any polar charged molecules. only maybe a few glasses and water can directly diffuse through the membrane |
front 45 what are the small glasses that can easily diffuse through the membrane? | back 45 O2, CO2, N2, CO |
front 46 A gradient | back 46 the DIFFERENCE in concentration from 1 side of the membrane to another a cell maintains gradients. |
front 47 is equilibrium the goal for cells? | back 47 No, maintaining equilibrium is not the goal for cells |
front 48 which of the following can diffuse through the membrane? O2, glucose K+, amino acids | back 48 O2. glucose, K+, and amino acids are too big, and too polar, they diffuse slowely |
front 49 concentration in a membrane | back 49 if one side of the membrane is high concentration, the other side is low concentration |
front 50 osmosis | back 50 diffusion of free water toward higher concentrations through a selectively permeable membrane |
front 51 what happens if solute's cannot move? | back 51 the movement of water will cause cell to swell when the water moves in, or shrink when water moves out |
front 52 Tonicity | back 52 isotonic, hypertonic, hypotonic solutions |
front 53 isotonic | back 53 Equal water and solute concentrations on either side of the membrane |
front 54 hypertonic | back 54 Solute concentration is higher outside the cell (and water concentration lower) |
front 55 hypotonic | back 55 Solute concentration is lower outside the cell (and water concentration higher) |
front 56 Crenation | back 56 when cell shrivels due to water leaving the cell (hypertonic solutions) |
front 57 plasmolysis | back 57 when the cell membrane pulls away from the cell wall due to lack of turgor pressure |
front 58 turgor pressure | back 58 pressure exerted onto the plasma membrane by the vacuole force within the cell pushing the plasma membrane against the cell wall |
front 59 aquaporin | back 59 transmembrane proteins that allow the passage of water much faster and efficiently through the membrane. water will flow toward the higher solution no matter which side its on |
front 60 osmosis and diffusion | back 60 are passive processes they DO NOT require additional energy from the cell. energy comes from thermal energy |
front 61 osmotic pressure | back 61 the tendency for water |
front 62 which of the following requires energy from the cell? osmosis, active transport, diffusion, facilitated diffusion | back 62 active transport |
front 63 active transport | back 63 REQUIRES energy from the cell to move solutes from low concentration to high concentration (against concentration gradient) energy required is usually in form of ATP. Also require a protein. |
front 64 what is falicitated diffusion | back 64 the diffusion of a solute from high to low [ ]. diffusion is passive. DOES require a membrane protein to transport the molecules. proteins are specific to molecules they transport |
front 65 facilitated diffusion of glucose | back 65 large molecule, cant diffuse through membrane itself, trans-membrane facilitating proteins helps |
front 66 the DIFFERENCE between simple diffusion, and facilitated diffusion? | back 66 facilitated diffusion required a membrane protein to transport the molecule |
front 67 under what condition would facilitated diffusion move a solute from the cell? | back 67 in a hypotonic condition |
front 68 transport proteins // channel proteins | back 68 they don't change shape as solutes pass. ligated channel, gated channel |
front 69 ligated channel | back 69 is closed until a molecule binds to it, causing channel to open |
front 70 gated channel | back 70 is closed until polarity of membrane changes. |
front 71 carrier proteins | back 71 change shape as the solute passes Uni-porters, symporters, antiporters |
front 72 uniporters | back 72 single molecule or ion. moves 1 solute for example (glut 1) |
front 73 symporter/cotransporter | back 73 2 or more ions or molecules transported in same direction |
front 74 antiporter | back 74 move 2 or more solute in opposite directions for ex. The Na+/K+ pump. |
front 75 major limitation of simple/facilitated diffusion | back 75 them Going down the concentration gradient the opposite of the definition |
front 76 cotransport | back 76 active transport of substance indirectly drives transport of other substances |
front 77 downhill(energy release) | back 77 cell does nothing. Diffusion is downhill because it doesn't need energy. |
front 78 uphill(requires energy) | back 78 this is an Active transport bc it requires energy to happen |
front 79 are Exo/Endocytosis nonspecific? | back 79 yes |
front 80 exocytosis | back 80 is bulk transport of solutes out of the cell. |
front 81 endocytosis | back 81 is the bulk transport of molecules or solutes into the cell. Pinocytosis- the bulk uptake of liquid material containing dissolved solutes |
front 82 phagocytosis | back 82 the bulk uptake of solid material. The vesicle with engulfed solid be it a yeast or bacteria fusses with a lysosome to be degraded |
front 83 tight junctions | back 83 so tightly attached that nothing can get between the cells. Proteins are attaching cells together. |
front 84 gap junction | back 84 Communication junctions, passageways between cells allowing material to pass between them. Like a tunnel from one cell to the other able to pass material between cells. |
front 85 anchoring junctions | back 85 they hold cells together like a bolt or staple. Material can get in between cells but they're still attached. |