front 1 Acquisition | back 1 Phase of classical conditioning |
front 2 Experience | back 2 knowledge or skill that comes from having done certain things. |
front 3 Habituation | back 3 General process in which repeated |
front 4 Behaviorism | back 4 the science of behavior that focuses on observable behavior only |
front 5 Classical Conditioning (reactive) | back 5 When a neutral stimulus produces a response after being paired with a stimulus that naturally produces a response |
front 6 Unconditional Stimulus (US) | back 6 Something that reliably produces a naturally occurring reaction in an organism |
front 7 Unconditioned Response (UR) | back 7 Reflexive reaction that is reliably produced by an unconditioned stimulus |
front 8 Conditioned Stimulus (CS) | back 8 Stimulus that is initially neutral and produces no reliable response in an organism |
front 9 Conditioned Response (CR) | back 9 Reaction that resembles an unconditioned response but is produced by a conditioned stimulus |
front 10 Extinction | back 10 Gradual elimination of a learned response that occurs when the us is no longer presented |
front 11 Spontaneous Recovery | back 11 Tendency of a learned behavior to recover from extinction after a rest period |
front 12 Generalization | back 12 Process by which the Conditioned response is observed even though the Conditioned Stimulus is slightly different from the original one used during acquisition. |
front 13 Discrimination | back 13 Capacity to distinguish between similar but distinct stimuli |
front 14 Operant Conditioning (active) | back 14 Type of learning in which the consequences of behavior determine whether it will be repeated in the future |
front 15 Thorndike’s Law of Effect | back 15 behaviors that are followed by a “satisfying state of affairs” tend to be repeated, and those that produce an unpleasant state of affairs” are less likely to be repeated. |
front 16 Operant Behavior | back 16 Behavior an organism produces that has some impact on the environment; coined by B.F. Skinner (1904–1990) |
front 17 Reinforcement (increase) | back 17 Any stimulus or event that functions to |
front 18 Punishment (decrease) | back 18 Any stimulus or event that functions |
front 19 Positive Reinforcement | back 19 any stimulus whose presentation INCREASES the future probability of a behavior. |
front 20 Negative Reinforcement | back 20 any negative stimulus whose removal INCREASES the future probability of a behavior. |
front 21 Positive Punishment | back 21 presentation of unpleasant stimulus following a behavior leading to DECREASE in future occurrence of behavior |
front 22 Negative Punishment | back 22 emoval of pleasant stimulus |
front 23 Primary Reinforcer | back 23 satisfy biological needs |
front 24 Secondary Reinforcer | back 24 help use to obtain primary reinforcers and therefore derive their effectiveness |
front 25 Timing of Reinforcer and Punishment | back 25 conditioning stronger when reinforcer presented immediately after desired behavior occurs |
front 26 Interval Schedule | back 26 A program by which reinforcement depends on the time interval elapsed since the last reinforcement. |
front 27 Fixed Interval | back 27 Reinforcements are presented at fixed time periods, provided the appropriate response is made |
front 28 Variable Interval | back 28 Behavior is reinforced based on a varying amount time that has expired since the last reinforcement. |
front 29 Ratio Schedule | back 29 reinforcement based on number of responses. |
front 30 Fixed Ratio | back 30 Reinforcement is delivered after a specific number of responses have been made. |
front 31 Variable Ratio | back 31 Delivery of reinforcement is based on a varied number of responses. |
front 32 Continuous Reinforcement | back 32 When all responses made are followed by reinforcement. This establishes a behavior quickly but behavior better maintained by intermittent reinforcement. |
front 33 Shaping | back 33 Learning that results from the |
front 34 Superstitious Behavior | back 34 Rare or odd behaviors may be |
front 35 Latent Learning | back 35 Condition in which something is learned but it is not manifested as a behavioral change until sometime in the future |
front 36 Cognitive Map | back 36 Mental representation of the |
front 37 Observational Learning | back 37 Condition in which learning takes place by watching the actions of others |
front 38 Implicit Learning | back 38 Learning that takes place largely without awareness of the process or the products of information acquisition |
front 39 Bobo Doll Study | back 39 Psychologist: Bandura |
front 40 Practice Testing | back 40 Self-testing or taking practice tests over to-be-learned material |
front 41 Massed Practice | back 41 Studying information with little |
front 42 Distributed Practice | back 42 Spreading out study activities with more time between repetition of the to-be-learned information |