front 1 Articulations or joints | back 1 Sight where two or more bones meet |
front 2 Functions of joints | back 2 Gives skeleton mobility and holds skeleton together |
front 3 Classifications | back 3 Functional equals amount of movement allowed Structural equals material binding bones together |
front 4 Functional classification joints | back 4 based on amount of movement joint allows three functional classifications 1) Synarthroses = Immovable joints 2) Amphiarthroses = slightly moveable joints 3) Diarthroses = Freely moveable joints (The less movable a joint the more stable it is going to be) |
front 5 Structural classification of joints | back 5 Based on materials joining bones together Presence / absence of joint cavity 3 structural classifications 1) Fibrous Joints 2) Cartilaginous joints 3) Synovial joints |
front 6 Fibrous joints | back 6 bones joined by collagen fibers of connective tissue no joint cavity most synarthrotic depends on length on C.T. fibers trhee types 1) sutures 2) syndesmoses 3) gomphoses |
front 7 Sutures = seams | back 7 rigid interlocking joints short connective tissue fibers (continuous with periosteum) allowed for growth of skull during youth suture ossify and fuse in middle age (now termed synostoses) immovable joint for protection of brain |
front 8 syndesmoses | back 8 bones connected exclusively by ligaments, cords or bands of fibrous tissue fiber length varies amount of movement depends on fiber length shorter fibers = less movement (in any) typically considered synarthroses |
front 9 gomphoses (tooth) | back 9 peg in socket fibrous joint teeth in alveolar sockets periodontal ligaments: short, fibrous connection synarthrotic |
front 10 Cartilaginous joints | back 10 bones united by cartilage no joint cavity not highly movable two types: 1) synchondroses 2) symphyses |
front 11 cartilaginous joints: synchondroses | back 11 bar/plate of hyaline cartilage joins bones (temporary epiphyseal plate joints (become synostoses after plate closure), cartilage of first rib with manubrium) virtually all are synarthrotic |
front 12 cartilaginous joints: symphyses | back 12 "pads of cartilage" fibrocartilage joins bones (hyaline cartilage is present as articular cartilage) strong, flexible amphiarthroses |
front 13 synovial joints | back 13 bones separated by fluid-filled joint cavity all are diarthrotic (freely movable) include virtually all limb joints; most joints of body |
front 14 synovial joints: general structure | back 14 articular cartilage: hyaline cartilage absorbs compressive forces prevents crushing of bone ends Joint cavity: unique to synovial joints small fluid filled potential space expands with fluid accumulation (inflammation) Articular capsule: two layers 1) external fibrous layer a. dense irregular connective tissues b. continuous with periosteum 2) inner synovial membrane a. loose connective tissue b. makes synovial fluid Synovial fluid: viscous, slippery fluid formed from plasma filtrate and hyaluronic acid (consistency of egg whites) lubricates and nourishes the articular cartilage weeping lubrication: fluid released with cartilage compression, seeps back in to cartilage when compression is removed contains phagocytic cells to remove debris and microbes reinforcing ligaments (bone to bone link) a. capsular ligaments (thickened part of fibrous layer of the articular capsule) b. extracapsular ligaments (dee to the capsule; covered by synovial membrane |
front 15 synovial joints: general structure cont. | back 15 nerves and blood vessels (nerve fibers; some detect pain, most monitor joint position and stretch) (also capillary beds supply filtrate for synovial fluid formation) |
front 16 other features found in some synovial joints | back 16 fatty pads (cushions between fibrous layer and synovial membrane or bone) articular discs (menisci) (fibrocartilage separates articular surfaces to improve the "fit" of bone ends, stabilize joint, and reduce wear and tear |
front 17 Structures associated with synovial joints | back 17 Bursae = act as "ball bearing" (sacs lined with synovial membrane, containing thin film or synovial fluid) reduce friction where ligaments, muscles, skin, tendons, or bones rub together Tendon sheaths = elongated bursa wrapped completely around a tendon subjected to friction common where several tendons are crowded together |
front 18 shapes of articular surfaces | back 18 determine movements allowed at the joint minor contribution to joint stability large, snug fitting surfaces offer more stability (hip joint: ball in a deep socket) |
front 19 ligament number and location - limited role | back 19 stretched ligaments alone = not very stable joints stabilized by ligaments alone = ?? more ligaments = stronger joint |
front 20 stability of synovial joints | back 20 muscle tone = muscle tendons that cross joint are most important factor in joint stability tension created by muscle tone keeps tendon tout important for reinforcing shoulder joint, knee joint, and arches of foot |
front 21 movement at synovial joints | back 21 muscles attach to bone or connective tissue at two points (origin: attachment to immovable bone insertion = attachment to movable bone) as muscle contracts insertion moves closer to origin muscles contract across a joint to create movement at the joint movement occurs along the planes |
front 22 movement of synovial joints: range of motion | back 22 nonaxial = slipping movement only uniaxial = movement in one plane biaxial = Movement can occur in two planes multiaxial = movement in or around all three planes |
front 23 general types of movement | back 23 gliding, angular and rotation |
front 24 gliding | back 24 one flat bone surface glides or slips over another similar surface example: intercarpal joints intertarsal joints between articular processes of vertebrae |
front 25 angular movements | back 25 increase/decrease the angle between the bones movement along the sagittal plane flexion = decreases angle of the joint extension = increases angel of the joint hypertension = excessive extension beyond anatomical position |
front 26 Movement along frontal plane | back 26 abduction: movement away from midline adduction: movement toward the midline |
front 27 circumduction | back 27 involves flexion, abduction extension, and adduction of limb movement forms a cone in space |
front 28 rotation | back 28 turning of bone around its own long axis medial rotation = anterior surface of the bone toward the midline lateral rotation = anterior surface of the bone away from the midline examples : between C1 and C2 vertebrae rotation of femur and humerus |
front 29 supernation an pronation of radius and ulna | back 29 refer to movement of radius around ulna |
front 30 Dorsiflexion and plantar flexion of foot | back 30 movement in the transverse plane moving a bone anteriorly and posteriorly opposition of thumb = movement used to touch the thumb to tips of the other fingers on the same hand |
front 31 small ruff elevation | back 31 tubercle |
front 32 promant linear elevation | back 32 prominent crest |
front 33 ramus | back 33 bar shaped bone |
front 34 what occurs in zone of proliferation = | back 34 rapid division of cells |
front 35 appositional | back 35 process of adding cartilage on top of preexisting cartilage |
front 36 example of a short bone | back 36 carpals |
front 37 internal layer of periosteum purpose | back 37 osteogenic cells |