As a result of the complete defeat of Captain William Fetterman's command in 1866
a. the government sent extensive military reinforcements to the Dakotas and Montana.
b. the government abandoned the Bozeman Trail and guaranteed the Sioux their lands.
c. the government adopted a policy of "civilizing" the Indians rather than trying to conquer them.
d. white settlers agreed to halt their expansion beyond the 100th meridian.
e. the conflict between the U.S. army and the Sioux came to a peaceful end.

B

The Plains Indians were finally forced to surrender
a. because they were decimated by their constant intertribal warfare.
b. when they realized that agriculture was more profitable than hunting.
c. after such famous leaders as Geronimo and Sitting Bull were killed.
d. when the army began using artillery against them.
e. by the coming of the railroads and the virtual extermination of the buffalo.

E

The Nez Perce Indians of Idaho were goaded into war when
a. the Sioux sought their land.
b. gold was discovered on their reservation.
c. the federal government attempted to put them on a reservation.
d. the Canadian government attempted to force their return to the United States.
e. their alliance with the Shoshones required it.

B

The buffalo were nearly exterminated
a. as a result of being over hunted by the Indians.
b. when their grasslands were turned into wheat and corn fields.
c. when their meat became valued in eastern markets.
d. by disease.
e. through wholesale butchery by whites.

E

A Century of Dishonor (1881), which chronicled the dismal history of Indian-white relations, was authored by
a. Harriet Beecher Stowe.
b. Helen Hunt Jackson.
c. Chief Joseph.
d. Joseph F. Glidden.
e. William F. Cody.

B

The nineteenth century humanitarians who advocated "kind" treatment of the Indians
a. had no more respect for traditional Indian culture than those who sought to exterminate them.
b. advocated allowing the Ghost Dance to continue.
c. opposed passage of the Dawes Act.
d. understood the value of the Indians' religious and cultural practices.
e. advocated improving the reservation system.

A

To assimilate Indians into American society, the Dawes Act did all of the following except
a. dissolve many tribes as legal entities.
b. try to make rugged individualists of the Indians.
c. wipe out tribal ownership of land.
d. promise Indians U.S. citizenship in twenty-five years.
e. outlaw the sacred Sun Dance.

E

The United States government's outlawing of the Indian Sun (Ghost) Dance in 1890 resulted in the
a. Battle of Wounded Knee.
b. Sand Creek massacre.
c. Battle of Little Big Horn.
d. Dawes Severalty Act.
e. Carlisle Indian School.

A

The Dawes Severalty Act was designed to promote Indian
a. prosperity.
b. annihilation.
c. assimilation.
d. culture.
e. education.

C

Arrange the following events in chronological order: (A) Dawes Severalty Act is passed; (B) Oklahoma land rush takes place; (C) Indians are granted full citizenship; (D) Congress restores the tribal basis of Indian life.

a. A, B, C, D
b. B, A, C, D
c. A, D, B, C
d. D, C, A, B
e. C, B, D, A

A

The enormous mineral wealth taken from the mining frontier of the West
a. solved the Indian problem.
b. solved the currency problem.
c. enabled the West to be free of federal interference.
d. profited individual prospectors but not corporations.
e. helped to finance the Civil War.

E

The mining frontier played a vital role in
a. bringing law and order to the West.
b. attracting the first substantial white population to the West.
c. enabling the government to go off the gold standard.
d. ensuring that the mining industry would remain in the hands of independent, small operations.
e. forcing the Indians off the Great Plains.

B

The bitter conflict between whites and Indians intensified
a. during the Civil War.
b. as a result of vigilante justice.
c. when big business took over the mining industry.
d. as the mining frontier expanded.
e. after the Battle of Wounded Knee.

D

The wild frontier towns where the three major cattle trails from Texas ended were
a. Kansas City, Kansas; Pueblo, Colorado; and Laramie, Wyoming.
b. Tulsa, Oklahoma; Santa Fe, New Mexico; and Denver, Colorado.
c. Topeka, Kansas; Omaha, Nebraska; and Casper, Wyoming.
d. Abilene, Kansas; Ogallala, Nebraska; and Cheyenne, Wyoming.
e. Atchison, Kansas; Greeley, Colorado; and Bozeman, Montana.

D

One problem with the Homestead Act was that
a. the government continued to try to maximize its revenue from public lands.
b. 160 acres were inadequate for productive farming on the rain scarce Great Plains.
c. Midwestern farmers had to give up raising livestock because of stiff competition with the West.
d. the railroads purchased most of this land.
e. it took several years to earn a profit from farming.

B

The Homestead Act assumed that public land should be administered in such a way as to
a. raise government revenue.
b. conserve natural resources.
c. favor large-scale "bonanza" farms.
d. guarantee shipments for the railroads.
e. promote frontier settlement.

E

The Homestead Act
a. sold more land to bona fide farmers than to land promoters.
b. was a drastic departure from previous government public land policy designed to raise revenue.
c. was responsible for the sale of more land than any other agency.
d. managed to end the fraud that was common with other government land programs.
e. was criticized as a federal government giveaway.

B

A major problem faced by settlers on the Great Plains in the 1870s was
a. the high price of land.
b. the low market value of grain.
c. the scarcity of water.
d. overcrowding.
e. the opposition of miners.

C

In the long run, the group that probably did the most to shape the modern West was the
a. trappers.
b. miners.
c. railroad men.
d. cowboys.
e. hydraulic engineers.

E

"Sooners" were settlers "who jumped the gun" in order to
a. pan gold in California.
b. stake claims in the Comstock Lode in Nevada.
c. claim land in Oklahoma.
d. drive the first cattle to Montana and Wyoming.
e. grab town sites in the Dakotas

C

Among the following, the least likely to migrate to the cattle and farming frontier were
a. eastern city dwellers.
b. eastern farmers.
c. recent immigrants.
d. blacks.
e. Midwestern farmers.

A

In 1890, when the superintendent of the census announced that a stable frontier line was no longer discernible,
a. the Homestead Act was repealed.
b. little land remained for public sale.
c. Americans were disturbed that the free land of the West was gone.
d. there were no more isolated bodies of settlement.
e. all the western territories had been admi

C

Which of the following provides the least valid support for the theory that the frontier served as a "safety valve" for American social discontent and economic conflict?
a. Free western land attracted many immigrant farmers who might have crowded urban job markets.
b. The possibility of westward migration encouraged eastern employers to pay higher wages.
c. Farmers frequently migrated after earning a profit from the sale of land.
d. Eastern city dwellers headed west to get free homesteads during depressions.
e. Western cities became places of opportunity for failed farmers and easterners alike.

D

Cities Denver and San Francisco did serve as a major "safety valve" by providing
a. a home for new immigrants.
b. recreational activities for its inhabitants.
c. a home for failed farmers and busted miners.
d. none of the above.
e. all of the above.

C

The area of the country in which the federal government has done the most to aid economic and social development is
a. the West.
b. the Midwest.
c. the South.
d. the Northeast.
e. Appalachia.

A

The real "safety valve" in the late nineteenth century was
a. the western cities.
b. the Western frontier.
c. Canada.
d. Hawaii.
e. Texas.

A

In the decades after the Civil War, most American farmers
a. became attached to their family farms.
b. diversified their crops.
c. became increasingly self-sufficient.
d. saw their numbers grow as more people moved west.
e. grew a single cash crop.

E

The root cause of the American farmers' problem after 1880 was
a. urban growth.
b. foreign competition.
c. the declining number of farms and farmers.
d. the shortage of farm machinery.
e. overproduction of agricultural goods.

E

In the last decades of the nineteenth century, the volume of agricultural goods____________, and the price received for these goods ____________
a. increased; decreased.
b. decreased; increased.
c. increased; also increased.
d. decreased; also decreased.
e. increased; stayed the same.

A

Late-nineteenth-century farmers believed that their difficulties stemmed primarily from
a. low tariff rates.
b. overproduction.
c. a deflated currency.
d. immigration laws.
e. the federal government.

C

With agricultural production rising dramatically in the post-Civil War years,
a. more farmers could purchase land.
b. tenant farming spread rapidly throughout the Midwest and South.
c. bankruptcies declined.
d. western farmers prospered, while southern farmers had grave troubles selling their cotton.
e. the government began encouraging the development of "soil banks."

B

Farmers were slow to organize and promote their interest because they
a. were not well educated.
b. did not possess the money necessary to establish a national political movement.
c. were divided by the wealthier, more powerful manufacturers and railroad barons.
d. were too busy trying to eke out a living.
e. were by nature highly independent and individualistic.

E

The first major farmers' organization was the
a. Patrons of Husbandry.
b. Populists.
c. Greenback Labor party.
d. Farmers' Alliance.
e. American Farm Bureau.

A

The original purpose of the Grange was to
a. get involved in politics.
b. support an inflationary monetary policy.
c. stimulate self-improvement through educational and social activities.
d. improve the farmers' collective plight.
e. support the Homestead law.

C

In several states, farmers helped to pass the "Granger Laws," which
a. raised tariffs.
b. lowered mortgage interest rates.
c. allowed them to form producer and consumer cooperatives.
d. prohibited bankruptcy auctions.
e. regulated railroad rates.

E

The Farmers' Alliance was formed to
a. provide help to northern farmers.
b. provide opportunities for higher education.
c. end the rise of tenant farming.
d. help landless farmers gain property.
e. take action to break the strangling grip of the railroads

E

The Farmers' Alliance was especially weakened by
a. political ineptitude.
b. the exclusion of black farmers.
c. corrupt leadership.
d. the failure to target landowners.
e. regional concentration in the South.

B

The Populist Party arose as the direct successor to
a. the Greenback Labor Party.
b. the Farmers' Alliance.
c. the Silver Miners' Coalition.
d. the Liberal Republican Party.
e. the Grange.

B

The Populist Party's presidential candidate in 1892 was
a. James B. Weaver.
b. William Jennings Bryan.
c. Mary Elizabeth Lease.
d. Adlai Stevenson.
e. William "Coin" Harvey.

A

Which one of the following was not among influential Populist leaders?
a. William "Coin" Harvey
b. Ignatius Donnelley
c. Mary Elizabeth Lease
d. James B. Weaver
e. Eugene V. Debs

E

In a bid to win labor's support, the Populist Party
a. supported restrictions on immigration.
b. nominated Samuel Gompers for president.
c. opposed injunctions against labor strikes.
d. endorsed workmen's compensation laws.
e. proposed a law guaranteeing the right to organize and strike.

C

The Populists
a. were the only third party in the nineteenth century to win electoral votes.
b. gained most of their electoral votes from the South.
c. received substantial support from industrial workers.
d. refused to look to the federal government for assistance.
e. none of the above.

E

During the 1892 presidential election, large numbers of southern white farmers refused to desert the Democratic Party and support the Populist Party because
a. they did not think the Populists represented their political interests.
b. they were not experiencing the same hard times as Midwestern farmers.
c. the history of racial division in the region made it hard to cooperate with blacks.
d. they believed that too many Populists were former Republicans.
e. they could not accept the Populists' call for government ownership of the railroads, telegraph, and telephones.

C

Jacob Coxey and his "army" marched on Washington, D.C., to
a. demand a larger military budget.
b. protest the repeal of the Sherman Silver Purchase Act.
c. demand that the government relieve unemployment with a public works program.
d. try to promote a general strike of all workers.
e. demand the immediate payment of bonuses to Civil War veterans.

C

Which one of the following was least sympathetic to workers and farmers hard-pressed by the Depression of 1893?
a. John P. Altgeld
b. Richard Olney
c. Eugene V. Debs
d. Jacob Coxey
e. William Jennings Bryan

B

President Grover Cleveland justified federal intervention in the Pullman strike of 1894 on the grounds that
a. the union's leader, Eugene V. Debs, was a socialist.
b. strikes against railroads were illegal.
c. the strikers were engaging in violent attacks on railroad property.
d. shutting down the railroads threatened American national security.
e. the strike was preventing the transit of U.S. mail.

E

Match each individual with his role in the Pullman strike:
A. Richard Olney 1. Head of the American Railway Union that organized the strike
B. Eugene V. Debs 2. Governor of Illinois who sympathized with the striking workers
C. George Pullman 3. United States attorney general who brought in federal troops to crush the strike
D. John P. Altgeld 4. Owner of the "palace railroad car" company and the company town where the strike began

a. A-1, B-2, C-4, D-3
b. A-2, B-1, C-3, D-4
c. A-3, B-1, C-4, D-2
d. A-4, B-3, C-2, D-1
e. A-2, B-4, C-1, D-3

C

Labor unions, Populists, and debtors saw in the brutal Pullman episode
a. proof of an alliance between big business, the federal government, and the courts against working people.
b. a strategy by which united working-class action could succeed.
c. the need for a socialist party in the United States.
d. the potential of the federal government as a counterweight to big business.
e. the crucial role of middle class public opinion in labor conflicts.

A

The Pullman strike created the first instance of
a. management recognition of the right of workers to organize and strike.
b. government use of federal troops to break a labor strike.
c. violence during a labor strike.
d. a united front between urban workers and agrarian Populists.
e. government use of a federal court injunction to break a strike.

E

The Depression of the 1890s and episodes like the Pullman Strike made the election of 1896 shape up as
a. a battle between down-and-out workers and farmers and establishment conservatives.
b. a conflict between the insurgent Populists and the two established political parties.
c. a sectional conflict with the West aligned against the Northeast and South.
d. a contest over the power of the federal government to manage a modem industrial economy like the United States.

A

Which of the following was not among the qualifications that helped William McKinley earn the Republican presidential nomination in1896?
a. He came from the key electoral swing state of Ohio.
b. He had gained a national reputation by sponsoring the high McKinley Tariff Bill.
c. He was a likable Civil War veteran.
d. He was backed by the skilled political manager and fund raiser Mark Hanna.
e. He was an energetic and charismatic campaigner.

E

Mark Hanna, the Ohio Republican president-maker, believed that the prime function of government was to
a. defend against foreign enemies.
b. maintain a laissez-faire policy.
c. not "rock the boat" of prosperity.
d. overturn the "trickle down" theory of economics.
e. aid business.

E

The Democratic party nominee for president in 1896 was __________; the Republicans nominated __________; and the Populists endorsed
a. William McKinley; Mark Hanna; William Jennings Bryan
b. William Jennings Bryan; William McKinley; James B. Weaver
c. William Jennings Bryan; William McKinley; William Jennings Bryan
d. Mark Hanna; William Jennings Bryan; William Jennings Bryan
e. William Jennings Bryan; Theodore Roosevelt; William Jennings Bryan

C

All of the following characteristics describe William Jennings Bryan in 1896 except
a. he had a brilliant mind.
b. he was very youthful.
c. he was an energetic and charismatic campaigner.
d. he was an excellent orator.
e. he radiated honesty and sincerity.

A

William Jennings Bryan gained the presidential nomination of the Democratic party primarily because he
a. had already gained the nomination of the Populist party.
b. had the support of urban workers.
c. possessed a brilliant political mind.
d. eloquently supported the farmers' demand for the unlimited coinage of silver.
e. was backed by the Democratic Party establishment.

D

In the election of 1896, the major issue became
a. restoration of protective tariffs.
b. enactment of an income tax.
c. government programs for those unemployed as a result of the depression.
d. the rights of farmers and industrial workers.
e. free and unlimited coinage of silver.

E

One key to the Republican victory in the 1896 presidential election was the
a. support of farmers.
b. huge amount of money raised by Mark Hanna.
c. use of the tariff issue.
d. wide travel and numerous speeches made by William McKinley.
e. ability of Republicans to disrupt the solid South.

B

The strongest ally of Mark Hanna and the Republicans in the 1896 presidential election was
a. the drop in wheat prices.
b. McKinley's vigorous campaigning.
c. fear of the alleged radicalism of William Jennings Bryan and his free silver cause.
d. the nearly unanimous support of the nation's trained economists.
e. the divisions in the Democratic Party.

C

The 1896 presidential election marked the last time that
a. rural America would defeat urban America.
b. the South remained solid for the Democratic party.
c. a third party candidate had a serious chance at the White House.
d. factory workers would favor inflation.
e. a serious effort to win the White House would be made with mostly agrarian votes.

E

The 1896 victory of William McKinley ushered in a long period of Republican dominance that was accompanied by
a. diminishing voter participation in elections.
b. strengthening of party organizations.
c. greater concern over civil-service reform.
d. less concern for industrial regulation.
e. sharpened conflict between business and labor.

A

As president, William McKinley can best be described as
a. cautious and conservative.
b. a man of little ability.
c. an active reformer.
d. a person willing to go against the opinion of the majority.
e. a skillful negotiator.

A

The monetary inflation needed to relieve the social and economic hardships of the late nineteenth century eventually came as a result of
a. the Gold Standard Act.
b. McKinley's adoption of the bimetallic standard.
c. an increase in the international gold supply.
d. Populist fusion with the Democratic party.
e. the creation of the Federal Reserve Board.

C