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77 notecards = 20 pages (4 cards per page)

Viewing:

Parathyroid

front 1

Which hormone is most abundant?

back 1

T4

front 2

Parathyroid glands are:

back 2

Pea sized glands located on the posterior thyroid

front 3

Parathyroid glands can be:

back 3

Ectopic in about 10-20% of the population

front 4

Blood supply to the parathyroid

back 4

Inferior thyroid arteries, drain into thyroid veins & lymphatics

front 5

Parathyroid is adjacent to

back 5

Right and left recurrent laryngeal nerves

front 6

If parathyroid tumor develops

back 6

This can push on laryngeal nerve

front 7

Pressure on laryngeal nerve can cause

back 7

voice changes and difficulty swallowing

front 8

PTH is synthesized in

back 8

Chief cells

front 9

Parathyroid glands produce

back 9

PTH

front 10

PTH regulates

back 10

Ca++ in extracellular fluids

front 11

Most calcium is found

back 11

bound to albumin

front 12

When we measure calcium, we measure

back 12

Calcium bound to albumin

front 13

If albumin lab value is low this can also alter:

back 13

Calcium levels

front 14

In addition to calcium, PTH also regulates

back 14

Phosphoprous and vitamin D

front 15

Calcium thermostat is another name for

back 15

Parathyroid gland

front 16

CaSR is

back 16

calcium-sensing receptors

front 17

Where are CaSR found?

back 17

Outside of parathyroid cells

front 18

Bone response to PTH

back 18

Osteoclasts accelerate the erosion of bone matrix.

front 19

Kidney response to PTH

back 19

Increases production of calcitrol

front 20

Calcitrol

back 20

Acts to increase renal absorption of calcium

front 21

Where do kidneys reabsorb calcium?

back 21

distal convoluted tubule

front 22

Gut response to PTH

back 22

Calcitrol stimulates calcium absorption in the intestines

front 23

Cholesterol in our skin cells react to

back 23

UV light to start the process of Vitamin D production

front 24

1,25 hydroxy vitamin D means

back 24

Carbons at 1 and 25, hydroxylated

front 25

PTH summary of functions

back 25

Activates & increases osteoclasts to free calcium
Increases renal tubular reabsorption of ca++
Increases renal excretion of phosphate
Increases conversion of vitamin D to active form
Increases intestinal calcium absorption indirectly by increasing active form of vitamin D

front 26

1,25 hydroxy vitamin D

back 26

Normal storage form of Vit D

front 27

Active Vit D

back 27

2,25 hydroxylated vitamin D

front 28

25 hydroxy vitamin D becomes hydroxylated (OH) again to become

back 28

2,25 hydroxylated vitamin D, the active form

front 29

Calcitonin

back 29

is polypeptide hormone secreted by parafollicular C-cells within the medulla of the thyroid gland

front 30

calcitonin opposes the actions of

back 30

PTH

front 31

calcitonin is the anti

back 31

PTH

front 32

Calcitonin is secreted in respnse to

back 32

increased calcium levels

front 33

calcitonin acts by

back 33

inhibiting bone resorption by inhibiting osteoclasts

front 34

BMP

back 34

Basic metabolic panel

front 35

CMP

back 35

comprehensive metabolic panel

front 36

Ca++ in the blood levels:

back 36

~8.5-10.5mg/dL

front 37

Vitamin D is a

back 37

Prohormone

front 38

Vitamin D is needed for

back 38

Calcium homeostasis

front 39

Vitamin D absorption

back 39

Bone resorption
Kidney excretion
Gut absorption

front 40

Which osteocyte is involved in the proliferation of new bone?

back 40

Osteoblasts

front 41

Calcitonin is produced in

back 41

Medulla of thyroid

front 42

What type of cells produce PTH

back 42

Chief cells

front 43

Parathyroid conditions

back 43

Hypo
Hyper
Hypercalcemia
Osteoporosis

front 44

HypoPTHism causes

back 44

-Most common in people with thyroid surgically removed
-Genetic abnormal gland development (DiGeorge syndrome)
-Autoimmune
-Metabolic
-PTH resistance
-Drug induced

front 45

Glucagon, heparin, and lasix can all cause

back 45

Hypoparathyroidism

front 46

HypoPTHism

back 46

Inadequate PTH, low calcium
Low calcium -> High phosphate and low VIT D
Low VIT D -> reduced CA++ absorption in gut -> Break down of ca++ from bones

front 47

Low magnesium can also lower

back 47

calcium

front 48

Low magnesium can cause

back 48

hypoparathyroidism

front 49

Primary hyperparathyroidism

back 49

due to excessive PTH production and secretion at the PTH gland

front 50

Primary hyperparathyroidsim can also be caused by

back 50

Reduced PTH supression by elevated ca++

front 51

Primary hyperPTHism

back 51

shifts the threshold on the thermostat

front 52

What hormones oppose PTH

back 52

Calcitonin

front 53

Most common cause of primary hyperPTHism

back 53

genetics

front 54

Hypercalcemia

back 54

too much calcium

front 55

Hypercalcemia symptoms

back 55

Increase in bones, stones, grones and psychiatric overtones

front 56

Abnormal bone remodeling caused bhy

back 56

hypercalcemia

front 57

increase in kidney stones caused by

back 57

hypercaclemia

front 58

Too much calcium in digestive tract causes

back 58

abdominal cramping, nausea, constipation

front 59

Lethargy, depressed mood, psychosis, cognitive dysfunction are all caused by

back 59

hypercalcemia

front 60

hypercalcemia effect on brain

back 60

psychiatric overtones

front 61

hypercalcemia effect on abdomen

back 61

groans

front 62

hypercalcemia effect on bones

back 62

abnormal, bizarre bone growth/remodeling and fracture risk

front 63

kidney stones

back 63

hypercalcemia

front 64

hypercalcemia defined as:

back 64

>10.5 with normal albumin

front 65

Primary hyperparathyroidism presentation

back 65

Elevated PTH, low phos, shortened QT

front 66

Most common 2 HyperPTHism

back 66

kidney disease

front 67

kidney disease causes

back 67

hypocalcemia, hyperphosphatemia due to decreased calcitrol

front 68

increased PTH in 2 hyperPTHism is a

back 68

positive feedback loop

front 69

excessive PTH, secondary, due to chronic kidney disease

back 69

cannot absorb calcium in kidneys, cannot absorb calcium in GI, which causes increase in PTH

front 70

Elevated PTH but low calcium

back 70

most common diagnostic for secondary hyperPTH

front 71

Primary vs secondary hyperPTHism

back 71

Primary, high ca++
Secondary, low ca++

front 72

Osteoporosis

back 72

State of low bone mass with microarchitectural deterioration of bone structure, strength, fragility

front 73

Max peak bone mass depends on

back 73

nutrition, physical activity, general health, hormones

front 74

Peak bone mass in your

back 74

thirties

front 75

Msost important factor is gonadal steroid deficiency

back 75

estrogen
testosterone

front 76

Osteomalacia

back 76

Soft/weak bones

front 77

Most common cause of osteomalacia

back 77

vitamin D deficiency