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Lecture 4: Neural Mechanisms (MD)

front 1 Nervous system	back 1 Responsible for processes that underlie Movement preparation execution controll
front 2 Central nervous system	back 2 Brain and spinal cord sensory information integration, decision making
front 3 Peripheral nervous system (PNS)	back 3 Links the body and the CNS Afferent (sensory) // ARRIVES Efferent (motor) // EXIT
front 4 Sensory receptors	back 4 Exteroceptors interceptors proprioceptors

front 5 Sensory Receptors Exteroceptors	back 5 External environment pressure, pain, temperature, VIBRATION, 5 senses
front 6 Sensory Receptors Interoceptors	back 6 Internal environment hunger, nausea, fatigue
front 7 Sensory receptors Proprioreceptors	back 7 Provide information on muscles tension, joint position, equilibrium (inner ear)
front 8 Vision Sensory receptors	back 8 70% are in the eyes (most)

front 9 Vision cerebral cortex	back 9 40% processes visual information EX. Being able to see in the dark Fovea: directly behind the eyes
front 10 Vision: photoreceptors (pathways)	back 10 Light rays enters eye light rays are manipulated + focused on the retina an image is formed + converted into nerve impulses photoreceptors: light sensitive cells that converts light rays into nerve impulses
front 11 Vision Photoreceptors: 2 types	back 11 Rods Cones
front 12 Vision photoreceptors Rods	back 12 Vision in dim light, enables us to see shapes + movements, and discriminate

front 13 Vision photoreceptors Cones	back 13 Operates best in BRIGHT LIGHT (in fovea) specilize for color vision and vision acuity (sharpness)
front 14 Vision: Optic Chiasm	back 14
front 15 Vision Focal Vision	back 15 Involves the fovea used to focus on objects directly in central region of the visual field operatates under voluntary control // EX. Driving to not rear end a car ”WHAT IS IT?” not good in low light conditions
front 16 Vision Ambient Vision	back 16 Subconsious used for spracial localization and orientation (surroundings) not effected by light, serves the peripheral and central visual fields

front 17 Vision	back 17 Information is processed through both systems simultaneously EX. Walk around the room and text someone
front 18 Vision and Performance	back 18 eye dominance spotting visual search quiet eye
front 19 Vision and Performance Eye Dominance	back 19 Eye that processes information FASTRER Cross-dominant = advantage
front 20 Vision and Performance Spotting	back 20 keeps proper orientation reduces dizziness used in rotational skill EX. dancing, figure-skating

front 21 Vision and Performance Visual search	back 21 scan of environment for regularory cues familiarity Ex. where's waldo activity
front 22 Vision and Performance Quiet eye	back 22 final fixation on target before movement EX. watching the hoop rim before a free throw
front 23 vision	back 23 targeting skills interceptive skills tactical skills
front 24 Vision targeting skills	back 24 propessling an object towards a target specific fixation on target is key

front 25 Vision Interceptive skills	back 25 tracking of stimulus // timing of stimulus // limb movement to intercept stimulus time to contact Tau: size of retina image/rate of change of image Typically objects are NOT TRACK to CONNECT
front 26 Vision Tactical skills	back 26 require quick, accurate decision making
front 27 Locomotion	back 27 optic flow feedflow
front 28 Locomotion Optic flow	back 28 perceived relative motion between objects + observers allows for discernment of how QUICKLY objects approach / move away

front 29 Locomotion Feedfoward	back 29 allows info to be sent AHEAD of movement (for preparation) details of terrain, object dimensions, etc. used to contact and avoid objects`
front 30 Visual training programs	back 30 search strategies pattern recognition anticipation decision-making skills
front 31 Visual training programs Visual search strategies	back 31 instructions => FEEDBACK should direct learners' attention to areas where critical cues occur EX. release point of a pitched ball design appropriate learning experiences that provides PRACTICE for task-relevant cues
front 32 Visual training programs Pattern recognotion	back 32 d

front 33 Visual training programs Anticipation	back 33 video training where oppoennts actions are studied (TAPE)
front 34 Visual training programs Decision-making skills	back 34 w
front 35 Proprioception	back 35 Golgi tendon organs muscle spindles joint kinesthetic receptors vestibular apparatus
front 36 Proprioception Golgi tendon organs	back 36 located at junction of tendon (with muscle) detects => muscle tension protects => form heavy/great load relaxes muscles if load is too great

front 37 Proprioception Muscle spindles	back 37 located @ muscle fibers in muscle belly detects => muscle stretch protects => from excessive stretching responsible for STRETCH REFLEXES
front 38 Proprioception joint kinesthetic receptos	back 38 located in + around synovial joints detects => pressure, acceleration. deceleration strain determines if => movements too slow, fast, wrong direction
front 39 Proprioception Vestibular Apparatus	back 39 group of receptor organs in INNER EAR detects => changes in posture + balance provides sensory information on EQUILIBRIUM
front 40 Proprioception and Performance	back 40 makes motor control more efficient + flexible Goal = movement effects error detection

front 41 Proprioception and Performance Practitioners	back 41 promote development of proper frame of reference provide a variety of positions + movements + multiple environments stress kinesthetic feedback for optimal learning
front 42 Balance and Posture	back 42 info provided by vetsibular apparatus, touch, proprioception in feet+ankles reestablishing proprioception is key in rehab programs
front 43 Balance and Posture Equlibrium	back 43 Compensatory adjustments Movement w/ perturbation or loss of balance Anticipatory adjustments voluntary movement to prevent loss of balance
front 44 Spinal Cord	back 44 carries sensory information to the brain, motor information to effectors ascending pathways descending pathways

front 45 Spinal Cord Ascending Pathways (sensory information)	back 45 spinothalamic pain, temperature, crude touch, deep pressure dorsal column proprioception, discriminative touch, light pressure, vibrations
front 46 Spinal Cord Descending Pathways (motor impulse)	back 46 pyramidal skilled VOLUNTARY movements extrapyramidal SUBCONSCIOUS movements
front 47 Spinal Reflexes	back 47 reflex arc monosynaptic reflex polysynaptic reflex
front 48 Spinal Reflexes Reflex arc	back 48 receptor, sensory neauron, integration center, motor neuron, effector

front 49 Spinal Reflexes Monosynaptic reflex	back 49 1 synapse => 1 motor neuron stretch reflex very fast b/c 1 synapse connection
front 50 Spinal Reflexes Polysynaptic reflex	back 50 multiple synapses sensory => interneurons =. motor neuron slower = multiple synapses
front 51 Stretch reflex	back 51
front 52 Cossed extensor reflex	back 52

front 53 Brain	back 53 brainstem diencephalon cerebrum cerebellum
front 54 Brain brain stem + diencephalon	back 54 reflex and relay center
front 55 Brain Cerebrum	back 55 most motor functions 2 hemispheres = control opposite sides of body higher brain functions
front 56 Brain Cerebellum	back 56 receives input from proprioceptors + visual receptors detecting/correcting errors coordination center maintains posture + balance

front 57 cerebral cortex	back 57 sensory areas motor areas association areas
front 58 cerebral cortex sensory areas	back 58 Primary: cutaneous receptors, proprioceptors Secondary: integrates + interprets signals
front 59 cerebral cortex Motor areas	back 59 coordinate, initiate voluntary movement Primary motor cortex: precise muscle control Premotor cortex: organizes learned coordinated movements (w/ complex muscle sequencing)
front 60 cerebral cortex Association areas	back 60 Prefrontal cortex: emotional + cognitive function, judgements, planning, motivation

front 61 Memory Graph	back 61
front 62 Memory working memory	back 62 can only hole 7+- 2 information at once info gathered for only 20-30seconds active processing = longer to transfer to long-term memory
front 63 Memory long term memory	back 63 Procedural: how to perform skills, actions Ex. Riding a bike Declarative: facts or events Episodic: personal experiences associated with time (Ex. year you graduated HS) Semantic: general knowledge, conceptual knowledge (Ex. how to know what motor is)
front 64 Forgetting Decay Theory	back 64 forgetting = over time memory disappears

front 65 Forgetting Interference Theory	back 65 old skills=> can retain new memory skills new memory => can't remember old skills
front 66 Practical implications	back 66 Keep instructions, verbal cues, feedback short and simple Repeat key learning points Provide ample opportunities for physical rehearsal Relate skill being learned to previous skills Use meaningful verbal labels and analogies to strengthen associations “Chunk” several moments together