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Lecture 3: Behavioral Theories (MD)

front 1

Coordination and Control

back 1

  1. degrees of freedom
  2. coordination
  3. control

front 2

Coordination and Control

Degrees of Freedom

back 2

  • independent elements of each limb
  • body => joints (all action possibilities)

front 3

Coordination and Control

Coordination

back 3

  • organizing a system's degrees of freedom
    • into an efficient movement pattern
    • to achieve a desired result
  • to provide a skilled mvt
  • "Putting ingredients into a soup"

front 4

Coordination and Control

Control

back 4

  • manipulation of variables within a movement to meet the demands of a given situation
    • motor skill into different environments // changing varibles
    • given situation = taken account of degree of freedom

front 5

Motor Program Theories

back 5

  • theory based upon the brain as the "command center" for movement

front 6

Generalized motor program

back 6

  • class of actions or pattern of movement that can be modified to yield a response outcome

front 7

Invariant features

back 7

  • Relatively FIXED // NO CHANGE
    • EX. same letter
    • Fixed in motor skill
  • Defines motor program (WHAT)

front 8

Parameters

back 8

  • FLEXIBLE // YES CHANGE
    • different tasks or changes
  • defines EXECUTION of program (HOW+PLAYED OUT)

front 9

Invariant Features

back 9

  1. sequence of actions
  2. relative timing
  3. relative force

front 10

Invariant Features

sequence of actions

back 10

  • order of components = doesn't really change
    • EX: volleyball spike = fixed

front 11

Invariant Features

Relative timing

back 11

  • internal RHYTHM of the skill
    • EX: Swim fast vs. swim slow
      • = same swim technique
  • Regardless of speed = component mvt does NOT change
  • Cyclical events: hurdling, swimming, ect.

front 12

Invariant Features

Relative Force

back 12

  • tension created in muscles
    • proportionate regardless of resistance
  • EX: Air squats vs. 50lb squat
    • muscle use = STILL SAME

front 13

Parameters

back 13

  1. overall duration
  2. overall force
  3. movement direction
  4. muscle selection

front 14

Parameters

Overall duration

back 14

  • duration or speed of the skill is performed // MVT does not change
    • Long vs. short
    • Fast vs. Slow

front 15

Parameters

Overall force

back 15

  • amplitude of the movement
    • strength / power / range
  • EX. long vs. short pass
  • EX. learn to sit => stand
    • can do same # from high to low surface

front 16

Parameters

Movement direction

back 16

  • directional passes, shots, ect.
    • mvt needing aim (darts, pulling items to grab)

front 17

Parameters

Muscle selection

back 17

  • use different muscels to accomplish the same task
    • EX. different hands
    • EX. writing w/ hands VS. writing w/ mouth

front 18

Schema (WIP)

back 18

  • a rule or relationship that directs decision during a movement pattern
    • develops as a result of accumulated experiences (INFO) within a class of action
    • Already learn to change
  • Each attempt = builds bigger schema

front 19

Schema

Sources of Information

back 19

  • initial conditions
    • start info @ start of mvt
  • response specifications
    • parameters used for execution (amt of speed/force)
  • sensory consequences
    • feedback fr. mvt (what felt during/after mvt)
  • response outcome
    • success/fail of mvt

front 20

Schema

Recall schema

back 20

  • organizes the motor program that initiates and controls desired movement
  • subconsciously selected based on actual outcomes and response specifications

front 21

Schema

Recognition schema (fr. outside info)

back 21

  • based upon relationship between inital conditions, past outcomes, sensory consequences
  • comparison btn sensory feedback + reference of correctness

front 22

Motor program execution

back 22

  • Open-loop control
    • brain general action plans w/o modification
    • feedback present BUT too late
    • EX. after a softball toss when pitching
  • Close-loop control
    • for beginners to learn
    • allows adjustments to be made after attempt
    • EX. Golf putting

front 23

Evidence for motor program control

back 23

  • reaction time increases = task complexity increases
    • mvt planned in advance
  • deafferentation
    • MONKEY
    • severing of nerves responsible for CNS sensory feedback
  • electromyography studies
    • similar activation in muscles for BLOCKED and UNBLOCKED limbs

front 24

Dynamic Interaction TheoryDynamic Interaction Theory

back 24

  • movements occur in response to
    • dynamic interaction of person
    • environment
    • task
  • movement patterns = result of constraints
    • IMPOSED by given situation
    • EX. finger movements with metronome // traffic (unexpected // can't explain movements)

front 25

Dynamic Interaction Theory

Constraints

back 25

  1. individual
  2. environment
  3. task

front 26

Dynamic Interaction Theory // Constraints

Individual

back 26

  • body attributes // personality characteristics // fitness varibles
  • EX: playing volleyball on knees

front 27

Dynamic Interaction TheoryDynamic Interaction Theory // Constraints

Environment

back 27

  • gravity // temperature // lighting // presence of spectators

front 28

Dynamic Interaction Theory // Constraints

Task (x3)

back 28

  • Goal: outcome of action
  • Rules: physical boundaries, movements, etc.
    • EX: fast pitch softball => don't lift toe off pitch
  • Implements: size of ball/goal, length of object, etc.
    • EX. athlete + smt else //

front 29

changes in movement

back 29

  1. control parameter
  2. rate limiters
  3. phase shifts

front 30

changes in movement

Control parameter

back 30

  • variables that, when changed, lead to changes in the collective behavior of the system
  • direction, force, speed, perceptual information

front 31

changes in movement

Rate-limiters

back 31

  • constraints that INHIBIT a system to change
    • DOES NOT CHANGE // when sm1 injuried
  • Strength, size, speed, etc.
    • EX. hop flexor gait walking example

front 32

changes in movement

Phase shifts

back 32

  • changes in movement behavior are the result of
    • series of transitions in a system's state of stability
      • EX. log walk // increase or decrease balance // swinging a heavy vs. light bat
    • Implement 3 weeks before big game

front 33

Non-linear pedagogy

back 33

  • learners search through a range of potential movement solutions
    • for an optimal strategy

front 34

Perceptual-Motor Workplace

back 34

  • represents practice content for the learner
    • perception <=> action