front 1 Hormones | back 1 Chemical messengers |
front 2 Hormones can only elicit a response in cells | back 2 That have an appropriate receptor for that hromone |
front 3 Three different classes of hormones | back 3 Biogenic amines |
front 4 <100 amino acids | back 4 Peptide hormones |
front 5 >100 amino acids | back 5 Protein hormones |
front 6 Biogenic amines | back 6 Epinephrine |
front 7 Rough Endoplasmic reticulum | back 7 Produces pre-hormones |
front 8 Pre-hormones are cleaved into pro-hormones in the | back 8 Golgi apparatus for packaging and further refinement |
front 9 Prohormones cleaved into active hormones by enymes in the | back 9 golgi apparatus or secretory vesicle |
front 10 Steroid hormones cannot be stored and must be produced on demand because | back 10 They can pass through the cell membrane |
front 11 Steroids are derived from | back 11 cholesterol |
front 12 Steroids are stored within lipid droplets in the cytoplasm | back 12 and can be rapidly produced when needed |
front 13 Steroid hormones cannot be stored and must be produced | back 13 on demand |
front 14 Progesterone, DHEA, androgesterdione | back 14 stimulated by ACTH in adrenal cortex, causing cleavage enzyme to break cholesterol into hormones |
front 15 Aldosterone synthase | back 15 final enzyme that converts corticosterone to aldosterone |
front 16 16 a hydroxygenase | back 16 important for converting corticosterone to cortisol |
front 17 21a hydroxylase | back 17 important enzyme |
front 18 cells have receptors for hormones that act as | back 18 a molecular trigger that turns specific functions on or off |
front 19 Response of target cells can include | back 19 opening or closing ion channels |
front 20 Degree of response is not just determined by presence of receptor but also by | back 20 Concerntration of hormone, |
front 21 Hormone | back 21 Sender |
front 22 Receptor | back 22 sites that can trigger response |
front 23 Upregulation | back 23 Increase cell receptors |
front 24 Downregulation | back 24 Decrease receptors |
front 25 Synergistic hormones | back 25 Work together to produce response that may be additive or complementary |
front 26 Additive effect | back 26 2+2+2 = 7 effect |
front 27 examples of additive hormones | back 27 Glucose, epinephrine, cortisol. |
front 28 Complementary | back 28 means each hormone produces a different response that is part of a bigger complete picture. Coorperative effects of hirmones required to achieve desired end state |
front 29 Cortisol | back 29 Adrenal glands release during distress during sickness to help you deal with distress |
front 30 Permissive effect | back 30 A hormone enhances the responsiveness of the target cecll to a second hormone or increases the activity of the second hormone |
front 31 Antagonistic hormones | back 31 Have opposing effects on the same tissue |
front 32 Oxytocin and prolactin | back 32 Baby suckles, stimulates oxytocin, oxytocin causes uterine contraction and milk release. |
front 33 Estrogen stimulates progesterone in endometreum | back 33 Endometrial lining increases response to endometrium and increases chances of implantation |
front 34 Insulin and glucagon | back 34 Antagonistic hormones |
front 35 Somatostain opposes both insulin and glucagon | back 35 Helps to maintain normal range |
front 36 Hormone receptor interactions | back 36 How cell communicates with that hormone |
front 37 Water soluble | back 37 Can travel easily in plasma, cannot get across cell membrane easile |
front 38 Lipid soluble | back 38 Easily makes it across cell membrane, struggles in cytoplasm without carrier protien |
front 39 Lipid soluble hormones have receptors | back 39 within cytoplasm or nucleus of target cell that activates genes and protein synthesis directly |
front 40 Amino acid based hormones are water soluble and have target receptors on | back 40 Cell membranes |
front 41 Amino acid based hormones are usually working with | back 41 second messengers |
front 42 Common second receptors for hormone receptors are | back 42 Cyclic AMP (cAMP) |
front 43 Most common signaling pathways are | back 43 cAMP and PIP2-Calcium pathways |
front 44 cAMP signaling pathways involve 3 components of plasma membrane that trigger intracellular cascade | back 44 Hormone receptor |
front 45 Hormone binds to receptor | back 45 first membrane |
front 46 Receptor activates g protein and the hormone travels inside cell membrane and binds to adenylate cyclase | back 46 adenylate cyclase converts ATP into cAMP and tow inorganic phosphates cAMP=second messenger |
front 47 Protein kinases are enzymes that phosphorylate proteins(enzymes) | back 47 triggers cascade of chemical reactions within cell |
front 48 PIP2 calcium mechanism | back 48 uses GPCR |
front 49 Activation of Gprotein splits phospholipid into two 2nd messenger | back 49 IP3 7 DAG |
front 50 Like cAMP, DAg activates protein kinase which triggers cascade of reactions | back 50 inside the cell |
front 51 some receptors use cGMP instead of cAMP | back 51 still work similaryl |
front 52 insulin and IGF-1 use | back 52 tyosine kinase instead of cAMP |
front 53 Receptor is an enzyme called | back 53 Tyrosine-kinase |
front 54 Bindinger causes dimerization and autophosphorylation of the receptor which triggers | back 54 traslocation of GLUT4 |
front 55 Steroid hormones in serum | back 55 attach to carrier proteins because they are insoluble |
front 56 on arrival at target cell, hormone deteaches from carrier protein | back 56 binds to receptor inside the ccell |
front 57 once inside steroid binds to receptor inside cell and binds to DNA | back 57 Thyroxine |
front 58 Bind of the complex to the DNA initiates transcription of gene with mRNA | back 58 no data |
front 59 need to know second messengers wrk with Gprotein | back 59 moving a enyme to allow for message to make it into cell |
front 60 level in blood reflects | back 60 how much it is being secreted |
front 61 hormones shouldnt accumulate in blood because they are used by target cells and | back 61 turned off by negative feedback |
front 62 half lives for hormones can be | back 62 minutes to days |
front 63 effects of a hormone on target cells are dependent on concentration of hormone and | back 63 receptors |
front 64 secretion of the hormone is triggered by a stimulus after which the plasma levels of the hormone increases | back 64 secretion is inhibited by cell change or release of product by target cell. This is negative feedback |
front 65 endocrine cell, target cell, response | back 65 simple negative feedback. |
front 66 complex negative feedback (most common) | back 66 releasing hormone |
front 67 secretion by 3 mechanisms | back 67 Humoral |
front 68 Humoral refers to | back 68 blood |
front 69 Hormonal control | back 69 Most common via releasing hormones via hypthalamic pituitary axis (HPA), and pituitary tropic hormones |
front 70 tropic means | back 70 stimulates another gland to release its hormones |
front 71 Neural control involes | back 71 neuro-endocrine interface |
front 72 epinephrine would be an example of | back 72 neural control |
front 73 parasympathetic | back 73 lots of GI effects |
front 74 sympathetic | back 74 inhibits GI system |
front 75 HPA | back 75 Hypothalamic pituitary axis |
front 76 HPA REALLY REALLY REALLY | back 76 IMPORTANT |
front 77 HPA typically 3 hormone sequence | back 77 Hypothalamus detects stimulus and |
front 78 Thyroid hormone increase | back 78 basal metabolic rate and heat production |
front 79 thyroid hormone regulates | back 79 growth and development of tissues |
front 80 Thyroid hormone | back 80 has permissive effects on the action of epi and norepi by upregulating beta reeptors in heart and nervous system |
front 81 thyroid hormone is actually how many hormones | back 81 two, T3 and T4 |
front 82 Most T3 is T4 that is | back 82 converted in tissue |
front 83 Thyroxine aka | back 83 T4 |
front 84 Colloid contains | back 84 Thyroglobulin |
front 85 TG | back 85 Thyroglobulin |
front 86 Iodide trapping is the first step in | back 86 Thyroid hormone synthesis |
front 87 Iiodine is co-transported with Na+ into the follicular cells | back 87 where it is transported into the colloid by a membrane protein called pendrin |
front 88 Iodide is oxidized to become I2 | back 88 then attached to tyrosine |
front 89 Tyrosine with one iodine is called | back 89 Monoiodotyrosine (MIT) |
front 90 Diodotyrosine aka | back 90 DIT |
front 91 Next the phenolic ring of MIT or DIT is removed from its tyrosine and added to another DIT to produce either | back 91 T3 or T4 |
front 92 To secrete thyroid hormone, follicular cells use endocytosis to engulf colloid where T3 and T4 get transported out of the cell | back 92 by thyroid binding globulin TBG |
front 93 TBG vs TG | back 93 big deal |
front 94 When TSH stimulated | back 94 secretory granules get really big and produce a lot more colloid |
front 95 secretory granules are | back 95 normally slowly moving a little bit of colloid continuously |
front 96 Dont care about knowing chemical structures | back 96 or isomers |
front 97 Hypothalamus stimulated by cold temperatures, decreased thyroid hormone or other factors | back 97 TRH stimulates release of TSH |
front 98 Adrenal glands play an important role in response to stress | back 98 Stress is anything physiologic or psychologic |
front 99 The hypothalamus activates sympathetic nerves | back 99 stimulates adrenal medulla to secrete epi/norepi |
front 100 If a threat persists for more than 10 mins or so | back 100 CRH will be released from hypothalamus which will stimulate ACTH |
front 101 ACTH will stimulate | back 101 adrenal cortex to release cortisol |
front 102 Cortisol elevates blood sugar by stimulating | back 102 gluconeogensis in liver and glucagon secretion from pancreas |
front 103 Cortisol also stimulates lipolysis in adipose tissue | back 103 releasing fatty acids into circulation that can be used to make energy |
front 104 Takes 20-30 minutes | back 104 for the body to recover from stressor |
front 105 General adaptation syndrome 3 stages | back 105 Alarm stage Hypothalamic pituitary adrenal axis |
front 106 cortisol is major negative feedback molecule | back 106 by telling hypothalamus to knock it off |
front 107 female Gonadotropins | back 107 GnRH to pituitary |
front 108 male gonadotropin | back 108 GnRH to pituitary |
front 109 Growth hormone | back 109 Growth hormone releasing hormone to pituitary |
front 110 Prolactin | back 110 Breast development and synthesis of milk |
front 111 Vasopressin (ADH) | back 111 Peptide hormone, synthesized in hypothalamus, stored in posterior pituitary |
front 112 ADH triggers | back 112 sense of thirst |
front 113 ADH increase | back 113 number of water channels in renal collecting tubules/ducts called aquaporins |
front 114 aquaporins increase | back 114 water reabsorption |
front 115 high osmolarity increases | back 115 ADH production |
front 116 Volume always takes precedence | back 116 compared to osmolality |
front 117 Paracrine and autocrine regulation are more | back 117 localized |
front 118 Paracrine and autocrine are technically | back 118 not part of the endocrine system |
front 119 Paracrine affect | back 119 cells next door |
front 120 Autocrine affect | back 120 its own cell, or cell of same exact type nearby |
front 121 cytokines, interleukins, interferons, tumor necrosis factor | back 121 no data |
front 122 endothelium produces nitric oxide and bradykinin which stimulate | back 122 relaxation of vascular smooth muscle |
front 123 endothelin promotes | back 123 vasoconstriction |
front 124 eicosanoids | back 124 function mostly by system, mostly looking at prostaglandins |
front 125 prostaglandins give you | back 125 fever |