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QUIZ 1
front 1 What is spectrophotometry? | back 1 It is a method to measure how much a chemical substance absorbs light by measuring the intensity of light as a beam of light passes through a sample solution. |
front 2 What is chromatography in simple words? | back 2 is a process for separating components of a mixture. To get the process started, the mixture is dissolved in a substance called the mobile phase, which carries it through a second substance called the stationary phase. |
front 3 What is a chromatogram? | back 3 is the trace generated by the detector signal and requires a carefully controlled flow rate of the carrier gas (mobile phase) and a carefully controlled temperature of the column (stationary phase) to yield repeatable results. |
front 4 What are the 4 types of chromatography? | back 4
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front 5 Paper Chromatography | back 5 compound spotted directly on cellulose paper |
front 6 Method of paper Chromatography | back 6  separating a mixture of different colors. The liquid soaks through the paper and carries the mixture with it. Some substances are carried faster than others so the substances are separated along the paper |
front 7 Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC) | back 7 -rapid check of reactions or mixtures -is a method for separating non-volatile mixtures. -the experiment is carried out on a sheet of glass, plastic, or aluminum foil that has been lightly covered in an adsorbent substance. Typically, silica gel, cellulose, or aluminum oxide are the materials used. |
front 8 What are the 3 main types of liquid chromatography? | back 8 1. thin layer chromatography |
front 9 what is liquid chromatography or LC? | back 9 chromatographic technique in which the mobile phase is a liquid |
front 10 What is the mobile phase and the stationary phase of liquid chromatography? | back 10  The mobile phase is a solution (such methanol, acetone, acetonitrile, water,… ) which transport our components to column (stationary phase) |
front 11 What are hydrates? | back 11 substances that contain water in the form of H2O molecules. |
front 12 What are anhydrous? | back 12 substances that contain no water |
front 13 what is a hygroscopic material? | back 13 a substance that has the ability to adsorb and absorb moisture or water from the surrounding environment |
front 14 what is a desiccant material? | back 14 drying agents |
front 15 Beer-Lambert law formula Au X (Cs/As) = Cu | back 15 Au = absorbance of unknown Cu = concentration of unknown As = absorbance of standard A = absorbance This formula is applied to assays that exhibit linear relationships between changes in absorbance with changes in concentration to calculate the concentration of the unknown sample. |
front 16 what is the beer-lambert law? | back 16 states that there is a linear relationship between the concentration and the absorbance of the solution, which enables the concentration of a solution to be calculated by measuring its absorbance. |
front 17 what is an anticoagulant? | back 17 commonly added to collection tubes either to maintain blood in the fluid state for hematological testing or to obtain suitable plasma for coagulation and clinical chemistry analyses. |
front 18 what is a class A fire? | back 18 involve ordinary combustible materials, such as cloth, wood, paper, rubber, and many plastics. |
front 19 what is a class B fire? | back 19 fires are ones where flammable liquids and/or gases are involved. They are the fuel source in the fire triangle (fuel, heat, oxygen + chemical reaction). |
front 20 what is a class C fire? | back 20 fires involve electrical equipment, such as appliances, wiring, circuit breakers and outlets. |
front 21 The mean is considered the________? | back 21 the average |
front 22 The median is considered the_______? | back 22 the middle |
front 23 the mode is considered the_____? | back 23 the most common number that appears in your set of data. |
front 24 the total allowable error is | back 24 is a pre-determined number that can be tolerated without invalidating the clinical usefulness of the analytic result. |
front 25 Which of the following lamps provides a continuous spectrum of radiant energy in the visible, near IR, and near UV regions of the spectrum? | back 25 Tungsten-filament |
front 26 Which of the following isolates light within a narrow region of the spectrum? | back 26 Monochromator |
front 27 A monochromator is a ____________ | back 27 device for selecting a narrow band of wavelengths from a continuous spectrum. |
front 28 Which of the following is not descriptive of a photomultiplier
tube? | back 28 C. Cannot be used with a chopper |
front 29 What is a photomultiplier tube? | back 29 are extremely sensitive detectors of light in the ultraviolet, visible, and near-infrared ranges of the electromagnetic spectrum |
front 30 Which of the following is false about a photomultiplier tube? | back 30 D. Is composed of an iron plate and a layer of selenium |
front 31 Which type of photodetector employs a linear arrangement that allows
it to respond to a specific wavelength resulting in complete
UV/visible spectrum analysis? | back 31 D. Photodiode array |
front 32 what is a photodiode? | back 32  it is a form of light sensor that converts light energy into electrical energy (voltage or current) |
front 33 When performing spectrophotometer quality assurance checks, what is
the holmium oxide glass filter used to assess? | back 33 D. Wavelength accuracy |
front 34 In spectrophotometric analysis, what is the purpose of the reagent
blank? | back 34 D. Correct for color contribution of the reagents |
front 35 In regard to bichromatic analysis, which of the following is
false? | back 35 A. Absorbance is measured at the spectral absorbance peak for a blank and the sample using the same wavelength. |
front 36 The bandpass of a spectrophotometer is 10 nm. If an instalment is set
at 540 nm, the wavelengths that are permitted to impinge on the sample
will be within what wavelength range? | back 36 C. 535-545 nm 540 ± 5 nm (10-nm bandpass) will be equivalent to a wavelength range of 535-545 nm. |
front 37 Which of the following formulas is an expression of the Beer-Lambert
law that is routinely applied to spectrophotometric analysis? | back 37 A. Au X (Cs/As) = Cu |
front 38 In spectrophotometry, which of the following is a mathematical
expression of the relationship between absorbance and
transmittance? | back 38 C. A = 2 - log %T |
front 39 Which of the following is not a problem inherent in
turbidimetry? | back 39 D. Need to maintain a constant and specific temperature |
front 40 Turbidimetry is the ___________________ | back 40 measurement of the amount of light blocked by particulate matter in passing through a turbid solution. |
front 41 Which of the following may be associated with reflectance
spectrophotometry as it relates to the dry reagent slide
technique? | back 41 C. Unabsorbed, reflected light detected by photodetector |
front 42 Fluorometers are designed so that the path of the exciting light is
at a right angle to the path of the emitted light. What is the purpose
of this design? | back 42 D. Prevent excitation light from reaching the detector Because the right-angle configuration does not prevent loss of the exciting or the emitted light. |
front 43 Which of the following represents a primary advantage of performing
fluorometric over absorption spectroscopic methods of analysis? | back 43 A. Increased specificity and increased sensitivity |
front 44 Which of the following may be associated with fluorescence
polarization? | back 44 A. Plane-polarized light is used for sample excitation. |
front 45 Which of the following may be associated with bioluminescence? | back 45 A. Light emission produced due to enzymatic oxidation of a substrate |
front 46 Nephelometry is based on the measurement of light that is | back 46 B. Scattered by particles in suspension |
front 47 Which of the following instruments is used in the clinical laboratory
or in | back 47 C. Scintillation counter |
front 48 Which of the following best describes chemiluminescence? | back 48 C. Chemical energy excites electrons that emit light upon return to ground state |
front 49 In assaying an analyte with a single-beam atomic absorption
spectrophotometer, what is the instrument actually measuring? | back 49 D. Intensity of the beam from the hollowcathode lamp after it has passed through the analyte-containing flame |
front 50 What is the function of the flame in atomic absorption
spectroscopy? | back 50 C. Bring the metal analyte to its ground state |
front 51 Most atomic absorption spectrophotometers incorporate a beam chopper
and a tuned amplifier. The purpose of these components is to avoid
errors that would be caused by | back 51 D. Measurement of light emitted by the analyte |
front 52 In potentiometry, which of the following is considered the standard
electrode? | back 52 A. Hydrogen electrode |
front 53 In an electrolytic cell, which of the following is the half-cell
where reduction takes place? | back 53 B. Cathode |
front 54 Mercury covered by a layer of mercurous chloride in contact with
saturated potassium chloride solution is a description of which of the
following types of electrodes? | back 54 B. Calomel |
front 55 When a pH-sensitive glass electrode is not actively in use, in what
type of solution should it be kept? | back 55 C. The medium recommended by the manufacturer |
front 56 When measuring K+ with an ion-selective electrode by means of a
liquid ionexchange membrane, what antibiotic will be incorporated into
the membrane? | back 56 D. Valinomycin |
front 57 What are the principles of operation for a chloride analyzer that
generates silver ions as part of its reaction mechanism? | back 57 D. Amperometry and coulometry |
front 58 When quantifying glucose using an amperometric glucose electrode
system, which of the following is not a component of the system? | back 58 C. Hexokinase reacts with glucose |
front 59 To calibrate the pH electrode in a pH/ blood gas analyzer, it is
necessary that | back 59 D. Two buffer solutions of known pH be used |
front 60 The measurement of CO2 in blood by means of a PCO2 electrode is
dependent on the | back 60 B. Change in pH because of increased carbonic acid in the electrolyte surrounding the electrodes |
front 61 The measurement of oxygen in blood by means of a PO2 electrode
involves which of the following? | back 61 B. Direct relationship between amount of oxygen in the sample and amount of current flowing in the measuring system |
front 62 Which of the following blood gas parameters are measured directly by
the blood gasanalyzer electrochemically as opposed to being calculated
by the instrument? | back 62 C. pH, PCO2, PO2 |
front 63 Which formula correctly describes the relationship between absorbance
and %T ? | back 63 D. All of these options |
front 64 Which of the following techniques is more commonly used to measure
vitamins? | back 64 A. High-performance liquid chromatography |
front 65 In the United States, most cases of scurvy occur in children between
the ages of 7 months to 2 years. Scurvy is a disease caused by a
deficiency in which of the following? | back 65 B. Vitamin C |
front 66 Vitamins A, D, E, and K are classified as __________? | back 66 fat-soluble vitamins. |
front 67 Vitamin C are classified as ____________? | back 67 water-soluble vitamins and as such are not lipid compounds. |
front 68 The term "lipid" encompasses a wide variety of compounds
characterized as being insoluble in water but soluble in nonpolar
solvents. Which of the following vitamins is not classified as fat
soluble? | back 68 B. Vitamin C |
front 69 Measuring which of the following compounds is useful in the
diagnosis | back 69 C. Carotenoids |
front 70 What is steatorrhea? | back 70 it is an increase of fat excretion in the stools. Another term for it is called fat malabsorption. |
front 71 Carotenoids are __________? | back 71 a group of fat-soluble compounds that are precursors of vitamin A (retinol). They are not synthesized in humans, and their absorption depends on intestinal fat absorption. Therefore, the serum carotene level is sometimes used as a simple screening test for steatorrhea. |
front 72 Which of the following is another name for vitamin B12? | back 72 C. Cyanocobalamin |
front 73 Which of the following is not associated with vitamin B12? | back 73 A. Insoluble in water |
front 74 Vitamin B12 is a _____________? | back 74 water-soluble vitamin. |
front 75 Which of the following tissues is important in vitamin D
metabolism? | back 75 A. Skin |
front 76 A deficiency in which of the following leads to increased clotting
time and may result in hemorrhagic disease in infancy? | back 76 D. Menaquinone |
front 77 Menaquinone is __________? | back 77 Vitamin K₂ |
front 78 Tocopherols is _________? | back 78 Vitamin E |
front 79 Pyridoxine is ___________? | back 79 Vitamin B-6 |
front 80 Riboflavin is ___________ ? | back 80 Vitamin B2 |
front 81 In absorption spectrophotometry: | back 81 A. Absorbance is directly proportional to |
front 82 Which wavelength would be absorbed strongly by a red-colored
solution? | back 82 A. 450 nm |
front 83 a solution that looks red in color would probably absorb most strongly in the wavelength range ____________? | back 83 400–600nm |
front 84 A green-colored solution would show highest transmittance at: | back 84 B. 525 nm |
front 85 SITUATION: A technologist is performing an enzyme assay at 340 nm
using a visible-range spectrophotometer. After setting the wavelength
and adjusting the readout to zero %T with the light path blocked, a
cuvette with deionized water is inserted. With the light path fully
open and the 100%T control at maximum, the instrument readout will not
rise above 90%T. What is the most appropriate first course of
action? | back 85 A. Replace the source lamp |
front 86 Which monochromator specification is required in order to measure the
true absorbance of a compound having a natural absorption bandwidth of
30 nm? | back 86 D. 5-nm bandpass Because the narrower the bandpass, the greater the photometric resolution. |
front 87 Which photodetector is most sensitive to low levels of light? | back 87 D. Photomultiplier tube |
front 88 How does photomultiplier tube work? | back 88  The photomultiplier tube uses dynodes of increasing |
front 89 Which condition is a common cause of stray light? | back 89 C. Dispersion from second-order spectra |
front 90 Which type of filter is best for measuring stray light? | back 90 C. Sharp cutoff |
front 91 Which of the following materials is best suited for verifying the
wavelength calibration of a spectrophotometer? | back 91 D. Holmium oxide glass |
front 92 The half-band width of a monochromator is defined by: | back 92 A. The range of wavelengths passed at 50% maximum transmittance |
front 93 The reagent blank corrects for absorbance caused by: | back 93 A. The color of reagents |
front 94 Which instrument requires a highly regulated DC power supply? | back 94 C. A spectrophotometer with a photomultiplier tube |
front 95 What happens If the PH of blood decreases from 7.4 to 7.1? | back 95 [H+] is doubled |
front 96 When the measure of an [k] acid strength increase so does __________? | back 96 [H+ ]hydrated hydronium ion |
front 97 What happens If the blood increases from 7.4 to 7.7? | back 97 [H+] is halved |
front 98 What does a blood pH of 7.4 correspond to in nM? | back 98 40 nM [H+]. This is the mean of the normal range (44 to 36 nM) |
front 99 What is the normal pH of blood's range? | back 99 7.36 to 7.44 |
front 100 What is the condition called when the pH of blood rises above 7.44 ([H+] < 36 nM)? | back 100 alkalemia |
front 101 What is the condition called when the pH decreases below 7.36 ([H+] > 44 nM)? | back 101 acidemia |
front 102 What does the suffix -emia mean? | back 102 blood; usually to an abnormal concentration in blood. |
front 103 Over the pH range of 7.20 to 7.50 what is the change in nM [H+] for every change in 0.01 pH unit? | back 103 1 nm [H+] in the opposite direction. |
front 104 Which of the following technique measures light scattered and has a following light source placed at 90 degrees from the incident light? A. Chemiluminescence B. Atomic absorption spectrophotometry C. Nephelometry D. Turbidity | back 104 C. Nephelometry |
front 105 Nephelometry is ___________? | back 105 a technique that measures light scattered by particular in suspension with a detector at an angle to the incident light (often 45 or 90 degrees) |
front 106 Which of the following may be associated with reflectance spectrophotometry as it relates to the drying reagent slide technique? A. Light projected to the slide at 180- degree angle B. Dye concentration directly proportional to reflectance C. Unabsorbed, reflected light detected by photodetector D. Reflectance values are linearly proportional to transmission value | back 106 C. Unabsorbed, reflected light detected by photodetector |
front 107 What indicator electrode uses a membrane made of dioxides the combine with result in an ion exchange with the analytes of interest in a patent sample? A. Glass B. Liquid C. Silver-silver chloride D. Calomel | back 107 A. Glass An example of glass electrode is the PH electrode. |
front 108 Which of the following method allows for the separation for the separation of charged particles based on their rates of migration in an electric field? A. Rheopheresis B. Electrophoresis C. Electroendosmosis D. Ion Exchange | back 108 B. Electrophoresis |
front 109 Electrophoresis is ____________? | back 109 method of separating charged particles by their rates of migration in an electric field. |
front 110 Electroendosmosis is ____________? | back 110 the movement of water and the contents within through a porous material when under the influence of an electric charge |
front 111 Which of the following techniques is based on electro-osmotic
flow? | back 111 A. Capillary electrophoresis |
front 112 In isoelectric focusing electrophoresis, am-pholytes create a pH gradient where: | back 112 The higher pH gradient is toward the cathode |
front 113 In serum protein electrophoresis, when a buffer solution of pH 8.6 is
used, which of the following characterizes the proteins? | back 113 A. Exhibit net negative charge At the alkaline pH, the serum proteins have a net negative charge. Therefore the negatively charged serum proteins migrate toward the anode. |
front 114 What is an anode? | back 114 the positively charged electrode |
front 115 What is cathode? | back 115 the negatively charged electrode |
front 116 Which of the following characteristics will a protein have at its
isoelectric point? | back 116 C. Net zero charge |
front 117 The isoelectric point (pI) of a protein refers ___________? | back 117 to the pH at which the number of positive charges on the protein molecules equals the number of negative charges, causing the protein to have a net charge of zero. |
front 118 What dye may be used for staining protein bands following
electrophoresis? | back 118 C. Ponceau S |
front 119 When electrophoresis is performed, holes appear in the staining
pattern, giving the stained protein band a doughnut-like appearance.
What is the probable cause of this problem? | back 119 D. Protein concentration was too high |
front 120 What is the purpose of using ampholytesin isoelectric focusing? | back 120 D. Establish a pH gradient in the gel |
front 121 Which of the following is an electrophoretic technique employing a ph
gradient that separates molecules with similar isoelectric
points? | back 121 C. Isoelectric focusing |
front 122 Given the following information on a particular compound that has
been visualized by means of thin-layer chromatography, calculate the
Rf of the compound. | back 122 B. 0.34 =origin to spot center/origin to solvent front =48/141=.34 |
front 123 To achieve the best levels of sensitivity and specificity, to what
type of detector system could a gas chromatograph be coupled? | back 123 C. Mass spectrometer |
front 124 Which of the following instruments has a sample-introduction system,
solvent delivery system, column, and detector as components? | back 124 C. High-performance liquid chromatograph |
front 125 Which type of elution technique may be used in high-performance
liquid chromatography? | back 125 C. Gradient |
front 126 Which of the following statements best describes discrete
analysis? | back 126 A. Each sample-reagent mixture is handled separately in its own reaction vessel. |
front 127 Which of the following chromatography systems may be described as
having a stationary phase that is liquid absorbed on particles packed
in a column and a liquid moving phase that is pumped through a
column? | back 127 B. High-performance liquid |
front 128 Which of the following chromatography systems is characterized by a stationary phase of silica gel on a piece of glass and a moving phase of liquid? A. Thin-layer B. Ion-exchange C. Gas-liquid D. Partition | back 128 A. Thin-layer |
front 129 Which of the following does not apply to gas-liquid
chromatography? | back 129 D. Mobile phase is a liquid pumped through the column. |
front 130 Ion-exchange chromatography separates solutes in a sample based on
the | back 130 B. Sign and magnitude of the ionic charge |
front 131 Which parameter is used in mass spectrometry to identify a
compound? | back 131 A. Ion mass-to-charge ratio |
front 132 What is the x-mass on the mass spectrum? A. Mass B. Mass/energy C. Mass/charge D. Charge | back 132 C. Mass/charge |
front 133 A mass spectrum is an __________? | back 133 Intensity vs. mass/ charge ration plot representing an analysis. |
front 134 Which chromatography system is commonly used in conjunction with mass
spectrometry? | back 134 D. Gas-liquid |
front 135 Which of the following may be a sampling source of error for an
automated instrument? | back 135 D. All the above |
front 136 Checking instrument calibration,temperature accuracy, and electronic
parameters are part of | back 136 C. Function verification |
front 137 For which of the following laboratory instalments should preventive
maintenance procedures be performed and recorded? | back 137 D. All the above |
front 138 Which hemoglobin may be differentiated from other hemoglobins on the
basis of its resistance to denature in alkaline solution? | back 138 D. F |
front 139 In the Clark electrode, for every molecule of oxygen reduced at the cathode, how many electrons of current flow? A. 1 B. 2 C. 4 D. 8 | back 139 C. 4 With each molecule of oxygen that is reduced at the cathode, it causes four electrons of the current flow |
front 140 When performing electrophoresis at pH 8.6, which hemoglobin molecule
migrates the fastest on cellulose acetate toward the anode? | back 140 A. A1 Hemoglobin A migrates the fasts toward anode, followed by hemoglobin F and S. Then A2 and C. |
front 141 When using EMIT, the enzyme is coupled to | back 141 B. Antigen |
front 142 Which of the following is not associated with the enzyme-multiplied
immunoassaytechnique (EMIT)? | back 142 D. Enzyme reacts with drug in serum sample |
front 143 Which of the following stimulates the production of singlet oxygen at
the surface of the sensitizer particle in a luminescent oxygen
channeling immunoassay? | back 143 A. Radiant energy |
front 144 Singlet oxygen reacting with a precursor chemiluminescent compound to
form a decay product whose light energizes a fluorophore best
describes | back 144 D. Luminescent oxygen channeling immunoassay |
front 145 pre-analytical variables in lab testing include: | back 145 specimen acceptability |
front 146 which of the following is NOT a potential source of post-analytical errors? | back 146 labeling the specimen at the nurse's station |
front 147 a pre-analytical error can be introduced by: | back 147 vigorously shaking the blood tube to prevent clotting |
front 148 the most important diagnosis and therapeutic mgmt decision tool used to interpret test results is: | back 148 reference intervals |
front 149 a CC (clean-catch) urine is submitted to the lab for routine UA/Culture. the routine UA is done first, and 3 hours later, the specimen is sent to micro for culture. the specimen should: | back 149 rejected for time delay |
front 150 Urine samples should be examined within 1 hour of voiding because: | back 150 bacterial contamination will cause alkalinization of the urine |
front 151 a urine comes to the lab 7 hours after it is collected. it is acceptable for culture only if the specimen has been stored: | back 151 at 4-7C |
front 152 which of the following statements about analytical errors is true? | back 152 analytical errors are not obvious to providers |
front 153 the first procedure to be followed if the blood gas instrument is out of control for all parameters is: | back 153 recalibrate and repeat controls |
front 154 upon completion of a run of cholesterol tests, the tech recognizes that the controls are not within the 2 standard deviations confidence range. what is the appropriate course of action? | back 154 run new set of controls and repeat specimens |
front 155 Using a common labeling system for hazardous material identification
such as HMIS or NFPA 704, the top red quadrant represents which
hazard? | back 155 flammability |