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Instructions for Side by Side Printing
  1. Print the notecards
  2. Fold each page in half along the solid vertical line
  3. Cut out the notecards by cutting along each horizontal dotted line
  4. Optional: Glue, tape or staple the ends of each notecard together
  1. Verify Front of pages is selected for Viewing and print the front of the notecards
  2. Select Back of pages for Viewing and print the back of the notecards
    NOTE: Since the back of the pages are printed in reverse order (last page is printed first), keep the pages in the same order as they were after Step 1. Also, be sure to feed the pages in the same direction as you did in Step 1.
  3. Cut out the notecards by cutting along each horizontal and vertical dotted line
To print: Ctrl+PPrint as a list

9 notecards = 3 pages (4 cards per page)

Viewing:

Stress

front 1

General Adaption Syndrome

back 1

  • Initially one becomes alarmed by a stressor that activates the hypothalamus and sympathetic nervous system
  • Alarm stage
  • Adaption stages
  • Exhaustion stages

front 2

Alarm Stage

back 2

  • (1) the alarm stage or reaction, in which the central nervous system (CNS) is aroused and the body's defenses are mobilized
  • Stressor triggers the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis
  • Activates the sympathetic nervous system (SNS)

front 3

Adaption Stage

back 3

Resistance (adaptation) stage

  • resistance or adaptation, during which mobilization contributes to “fight or flight”
  • Begins with the actions of adrenal hormones
    • Cortisol, epinephrine, and norepinephrine

front 4

Exhaustion Stage

back 4

  • Exhaustion stage (allostatic overload)
    Occurs only if stress continues and adaptation is not successful
  • stage of exhaustion, where continuous stress causes the progressive breakdown of compensatory mechanisms (acquired adaptations) and homeostasis
  • Exhaustion marks the onset of certain diseases (diseases of adaptation)
    • if stress continues and adaptation is not successful, can cause impairment of the immune response, heart failure, and kidney failure,
      leading to death.

front 5

Reactive, Anticipatory, and Conditional Response

back 5

Reactive response

  • Involves psychologic stressors

Anticipatory response

  • Anticipates a disruption in homeostasis "anticipate something bad", react to a predator or experience-dependent memory programs
  • occurs when physiologic responses develop in anticipation of disruption of the optimal steady-state, also known as homeostasis

Conditional response

  • Associates a stimulus with danger
  • May cause posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) or phobias

front 6

Concepts of Stress

back 6

  • Is initiated by the central nervous system and the endocrine system
  • Stressor can be a perceived or real threat

front 7

Effects of Stress: Sympathetic Nervous System

back 7

  • Epinephrine and norepinephrine released
  • Which binds to adrenergic receptors on various cells

Causing:

  • Blood pressure elevation
  • Heart rate and cardiac contractility increase
  • Pupil dilation
  • Reduction of blood flow to skin, guts, and kidneys

front 8

Cortisol: the Stress Hormone

back 8

  • Hypothalamus
    • secretes Corticotropin Releasing Factor (CRF)

  • Anterior pituitary
    • secretes adrenocorticoid hormone (ACTH)
  • Adrenal Cortex
    • secretes glucocorticoid: Cortisol
    • Contributes to the development of metabolic syndrome and the pathogenesis of obesity
    • Development of diabetes is secondary to cortisol-induced obesity
    • Chronic cortisol excess induces lipogenesis in the abdomen, trunk, and face, resulting in central obesity
    • Alters glucose, fat, and protein metabolism
    • Increases blood glucose levels by promoting gluconeogenesis and glycogenolysis.
    • Suppresses inflammatory and immune responses

front 9

Cortisol in the Immune System

back 9

  • Systemic responses to stress may cause a decrease in innate immunity and enhance adaptive immunity
  • Local responses to stress, under certain conditions, can induce proinflammatory activities
  • Many immune-related conditions and diseases are associated with stress
  • Stress and negative emotions increase levels of proinflammatory cytokines, providing a possible link among stress, immune function, and disease