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9 notecards = 3 pages (4 cards per page)

Viewing:

Stress

front 1

General Adaption Syndrome

back 1

  • Initially one becomes alarmed by a stressor that activates the hypothalamus and sympathetic nervous system
  • Alarm stage
  • Adaption stages
  • Exhaustion stages

front 2

Alarm Stage

back 2

  • (1) the alarm stage or reaction, in which the central nervous system (CNS) is aroused and the body's defenses are mobilized
  • Stressor triggers the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis
  • Activates the sympathetic nervous system (SNS)

front 3

Adaption Stage

back 3

Resistance (adaptation) stage

  • resistance or adaptation, during which mobilization contributes to “fight or flight”
  • Begins with the actions of adrenal hormones
    • Cortisol, epinephrine, and norepinephrine

front 4

Exhaustion Stage

back 4

  • Exhaustion stage (allostatic overload)
    Occurs only if stress continues and adaptation is not successful
  • stage of exhaustion, where continuous stress causes the progressive breakdown of compensatory mechanisms (acquired adaptations) and homeostasis
  • Exhaustion marks the onset of certain diseases (diseases of adaptation)
    • if stress continues and adaptation is not successful, can cause impairment of the immune response, heart failure, and kidney failure,
      leading to death.

front 5

Reactive, Anticipatory, and Conditional Response

back 5

Reactive response

  • Involves psychologic stressors

Anticipatory response

  • Anticipates a disruption in homeostasis "anticipate something bad", react to a predator or experience-dependent memory programs
  • occurs when physiologic responses develop in anticipation of disruption of the optimal steady-state, also known as homeostasis

Conditional response

  • Associates a stimulus with danger
  • May cause posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) or phobias

front 6

Concepts of Stress

back 6

  • Is initiated by the central nervous system and the endocrine system
  • Stressor can be a perceived or real threat

front 7

Effects of Stress: Sympathetic Nervous System

back 7

  • Epinephrine and norepinephrine released
  • Which binds to adrenergic receptors on various cells

Causing:

  • Blood pressure elevation
  • Heart rate and cardiac contractility increase
  • Pupil dilation
  • Reduction of blood flow to skin, guts, and kidneys

front 8

Cortisol: the Stress Hormone

back 8

  • Hypothalamus
    • secretes Corticotropin Releasing Factor (CRF)

  • Anterior pituitary
    • secretes adrenocorticoid hormone (ACTH)
  • Adrenal Cortex
    • secretes glucocorticoid: Cortisol
    • Contributes to the development of metabolic syndrome and the pathogenesis of obesity
    • Development of diabetes is secondary to cortisol-induced obesity
    • Chronic cortisol excess induces lipogenesis in the abdomen, trunk, and face, resulting in central obesity
    • Alters glucose, fat, and protein metabolism
    • Increases blood glucose levels by promoting gluconeogenesis and glycogenolysis.
    • Suppresses inflammatory and immune responses

front 9

Cortisol in the Immune System

back 9

  • Systemic responses to stress may cause a decrease in innate immunity and enhance adaptive immunity
  • Local responses to stress, under certain conditions, can induce proinflammatory activities
  • Many immune-related conditions and diseases are associated with stress
  • Stress and negative emotions increase levels of proinflammatory cytokines, providing a possible link among stress, immune function, and disease