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71 notecards = 18 pages (4 cards per page)

Viewing:

Bone tissue

front 1

histology?

back 1

Study of the tissues of the body and how tissues are arranged into organs.

front 2

Tissues = cells + ECM

back 2

• Collected
• Fixed (formalin, paraformaldehyde, etc.)
• Sectioned
• Stained (H&E, methylene blue, etc.)
• Imaged (Brightfield, fluorescence)

front 3

H staining

back 3

Hematoxylin

basic stain that binds to acids

purple

ex. nucleus and RNA

front 4

E stain

back 4

Eosin

acidic stain that binds to basic

pink

ex. cytoplasm

front 5

what is bone?

back 5

skeletal bone are complex organs

primarily connective tissues

front 6

function of bones

back 6

• Support and protection of more delicate organs
• Movement – attachment site for muscles
• Hematopoiesis – blood cell production in red bone marrow
• Storage of mineral and energy reserves

front 7

long bones

back 7

greater length than width

ex. femur

front 8

short bones

back 8

nearly equal length and width

ex. tarsal bones

front 9

flat bones

back 9

thin surfaces

ex. frontal lobe

front 10

irregular bones

back 10

complex shapes

ex. vertebra

front 11

sesamoid bones

back 11

develop within tendons

front 12

diaphysis

back 12

elongated cylindrical shaft

front 13

epiphysis

back 13

• Knobby, enlarged regions at each end
• Strengthens joints
• Attachment site for tendons and ligamen

front 14

metaphysis

back 14

• Region between diaphysis and epiphysis
• Contains epiphyseal (growth) plat

front 15

articular cartilage

back 15

• Thin layer of hyaline cartilage covering the epiphysis
• Reduces friction and absorbs shock in moveable join

front 16

medullary cavity

back 16

• Hollow, cylindrical space in diaphysis
• In adults, it contains yellow bone marro

front 17

flat bones within the skull

back 17

Two layers of compact bone, with spongy bone (diploe) sandwiched between

front 18

Cartilage is a

back 18

strong, flexible connective
tissue that protects your joints and bones
• Also supports soft tissues

front 19

compact bone

back 19

• Solid and relatively dense
• External surfaces of long and flat bones

front 20

spongy bone

back 20

• Open lattice of narrow plates called trabeculae
• Internal surface of bones

front 21

The basic unit of compact bone is

back 21

the osteon - Haversian system -small

front 22

central canal

back 22

Carries vessels and nerves in center of osteo

front 23

perforating canal

back 23

Run perpendicular to and help connect
multiple central canals; Passageways for blood vessels and nerv

front 24

osteocytes

back 24

Housed in lacunae between lamellae

front 25

lacunae

back 25

spaces within bone which contain osteocytes

front 26

canaliculi

back 26

Tiny, interconnecting channels that extend between
lacunae and allow osteocytes to connect and communica

front 27

concentric lamellae

back 27

Rings of bone around central cana

front 28

The Histology of Bone

back 28

Abundant extracellular matrix:
• 15% water
• 30% collagen fibers*
• 55% crystallized mineral salts
◦ Calcium phosphate
◦ Calcium hydroxide
◦ Other:
• Calcium carbonate
• Magnesium
• Fluoride
• Potassium
• Sulfate

front 29

osteoprogenitor cell

back 29

• Unspecialized bone stem cells from mesenchyme
• Only bone cells to undergo cellular division
• Inner portions of periosteum, endosteum and the
blood vessel canal

front 30

osteoblasts

back 30

bone builders

front 31

osteocytes

back 31

• Mature bone cells
• Maintains metabolism

front 32

osteoclasts

back 32

• HUGE cells which derived from up to 50 monocytes
• Within endosteum
• Release lysozymes and acids to resorb bone
• Bone Crushers
• Helps regulate serum (blood) calcium levels

front 33

red marrow bone

back 33

blood cell production

front 34

yellow marrow bone

back 34

blood vessels and adipocytes

front 35

Intramembranous ossification

back 35

• Develops from mesenchyme
• Produces flat bones of the skull, some facial bones, mandible, and central portion of clavicle

front 36

Endochondral ossification

back 36

• Begins with hyaline cartilage model
• Produces majority of bones in the body

front 37

A long bone’s growth in length is referred to

back 37

as interstitial growth (occurs at the
epiphyseal plate)

front 38

Growth in a bone’s diameter is referred to

back 38

as appositional growth (occurs at the
periosteum)

front 39

bone growth: Intramembranous Ossification

back 39

front 40

bone growth: endochondral Ossification

back 40

front 41

zone 1 resting cartilage

back 41

Near the epiphysis; composed of small chondrocytes

front 42

zone 2 proliferating cartilage

back 42

Chondrocytes proliferate; align into stacks

front 43

zone 3 hypertrophic cartilage

back 43

Chondrocytes stop proliferating, but enlarge
(hypertrophy)

front 44

zone 4 calcified cartilage

back 44

Minerals are deposited, which kills the chondrocytes

front 45

zone 5 ossification

back 45

Matrix of bone is deposited on the remaining calcified
cartilage matrix

front 46

bone remodeling

back 46

bone is constantly renewing and get stronger with exercise

Involves bone resorption via osteoclast and new bone formation via osteoblast

front 47

1. Nutrient artery and vein:

back 47

Supply the diaphysis of a long
bone; usually just one nutrient artery and vein per bone

front 48

2. Metaphyseal arteries and veins:

back 48

Supply the diaphyseal side
of the epiphyseal plate

front 49

3. Epiphyseal arteries and veins:

back 49

Supply the epiphyses

front 50

4. Periosteal arteries and veins:

back 50

Supply blood to the external
circumferential lamellae and superficial osteons

front 51

Hormones control osteoblast/clast activity and calcium level

back 51

• Growth hormone stimulates cartilage growth at epiphyseal
plate
• Thyroid hormone stimulates osteoblasts
• Calcitonin (↓)/parathyroid (↑) hormone impact blood
calcium

front 52

Vitamins are needed for normal bone growth and maintenanc

back 52

• Vitamin A activates osteoblasts
• Vitamin C required for collagen synthesis
• Vitamin D stimulates calcium absorption from GI tract into
blood so that calcium is available for bold building

front 53

exercise

back 53

• Mechanical stress stimulates increase in bone density by increased osteoblast activity
• Bones of athletes become thicker and stronger as the result of repetitive and stressful exercise
• Bones lose mass with age, but this can be slowed or reversed with weight-bearing exercise

front 54

avulsion fracture

back 54

pulling a bone off from the rest of the bones

front 55

colles fracture

back 55

wrist fracture

front 56

comminuted fracture

back 56

bone is crushed into many pieces

front 57

compound fracture

back 57

Broken ends of the bone protrude through the skin

front 58

complete fracture

back 58

bone is broken into 2 or more pieces

front 59

displaced fracture

back 59

Fractured bone parts are out of anatomic alignment

front 60

greenstick fracture

back 60

Partial fracture; one side of bone breaks—the other side is bent

front 61

hairline fracture

back 61

Fine crack in which sections of bone remain aligned

front 62

linear fracture

back 62

fracture is parallel to the long axis of the bon

front 63

oblique fracture

back 63

fracture is at an angle

front 64

simple fracture

back 64

no break through skin

front 65

stress fracture

back 65

Thin fractures due to repeated, stressful impact such as running

front 66

closed fracture repair

back 66

• Manual realignment
• Casting/splinting
• Skin intact

front 67

open fracture repair

back 67

• Realignment with surgery
• Screws, plates, rods, pins, wires
◦ Open reduction internal fixation
◦ Open reduction external fixation
General Fracture Repair
BMD 310 - Clinical Anatomy and Histology

front 68

Physiological Fracture Repair:

reactive phase

back 68

• Blood vessels crossing fracture line break
• Blood clots resulting in a fracture hematoma
within 8 hrs after injury
• Nearby bone cell death
• Swelling, inflammation
• Last up to several week

front 69

Physiological Fracture Repair:

reparative

back 69

Formation of a fibrocartilaginous callus and then a bony callus (spongey bo

front 70

Physiological Fracture Repair:

bone remodeling

back 70

• Dead portion of original bone resorbed by osteoclasts
• Compact bone will replace spongy bone surrounding the fracture site

front 71

osteoporosis disease

back 71

10m in the US

calcium and bone mass is lost

middle aged and older, women

treatment: diet, exercise, medication