Europeans wanted to discover a new, shorter route to eastern Asia in order to

A.gain more profits for themselves.

B.reduce the price of goods from Asia.

C. Answer All

D. of these break the hold that Muslim merchants had on trade with Asia.

E. reduce the time it took to transport goods.

C (All of these)

Which group was responsible for slave trading in Africa long before the Europeans had arrived?

A. The English and Scandinavians

B. The Incas and Aztecs

C. The English and Americans

D. The Portuguese and Spanish

E. The Arabs and Africans

E

The term "Columbian Exchange" describes: the trade in Native American furs for

A. European horses and other goods.

B. the transfer of plants, animals, and diseases between the Old and New Worlds.

C. None of these choices.

D. the gifts Columbus brought to and received from Native Americans.

E. The exporting of precious metals from the New World and the importing of African slaves to the New World.

B

Within a century after Columbus's landfall in the New World, the Native American population was reduced by nearly

A. 100 percent.

B. 90 percent.

C. 50 percent.

D. 20 percent.

E. 70 percent.

B

The institution of encomienda allowed the

A. European governments to give Indians to colonists if they promised to Christianize them.

B. Europeans to marry Native Americans.

C. Europeans to establish an economy based on capitalism.

D. native people to enslave members of other tribes.

E. governments of Europe to abolish the practice of Indian slavery and to establish African slavery.

A

The Aztec chief Montezuma allowed Cortes to enter the capital of Tenochtitlan because

A. he was told to do so by the gods.

B. there was little in the city of interest to the Spanish.

C. the Treaty of Tordesillas gave the capital to the Spanish government.

D. Cortes's army was so powerful.

E. Montezuma believed that Cortes was the god Quetzalcoatl.

E

Spain began to fortify and settle its North American border lands in order to

A. gain control of Canada.

B. gain more slaves.

C. protect its domains from encroachments by England and France.

D. find a passage to the Pacific Ocean.

E. look for gold in Florida.

C

All of the following are true about Popes Rebellion in 1680, except

A. Spanish priests and settlers were killed in the conflict.

B. the revolt by Pueblo Indians was successfully halted by the Spanish.

C.Pueblo Indians rebelled when Spanish missionaries sought to suppress native religious customs.

D.Pueblo Indians built a ceremonial religious chamber - kiva - on the ruins of the Spanish plaza.

E. Pueblo Indians destroyed every Catholic church in the province of New Mexico.

B

Which of the following is the false concept, which held that the Spanish conquerors merely

A. tortured and butchered the Indians,

B.stole their gold,

C.infected them with smallpox, and left little but misery behind?

D. European Legend

E. Black Legend Dark Myth Spanish Myth Tragic Death

E

The settlement founded in the early 1600s that was the most consequential for the future United States was

A. the Spanish at Santa Fe in 1610.

B. French at Saint Augustine in 1611.

C. English at Massachusetts Bay in 1621.

D. French at Quebec in 1608.

E. English at Jamestown in 1607.

E

The English treatment of the Irish, under the reign of Elizabeth I,

A. can best be described as better than their treatment of any English subjects.

B.firm but fair.

C. the prime example of salutary neglect.

D. supportive of their Catholic faith.

E. violent and unjust.

E

Spain's dream of empire began to fade with the

A. Treaty of Tordesillas.

B. conquest of Mexico by Portugal.

C. defeat of the Spanish Armada.

D. War of Spanish Succession.

E. loss of Brazil.

C

17. On the eve of its colonizing adventure, England possessed

A. a sense of nationalism.

B. a unified national state.

C. All of these

D. a popular monarch.

E. a measure of religious unity.

C (all)

18. The __________ decreed that only eldest sons were eligible to inherit landed estates.

A. joint-stock companies

B. laws of inheritance.

C. ancestry laws.

D. treaty of the elders.

E. laws of primogeniture.

E

The early years at Jamestown were mainly characterized by

A. major technological advancement.

B. peace with the Native Americans.

C. constant fear of Spanish invasion.

D. economic prosperity.

E. starvation, disease, and frequent Indian raids.

E

Captain John Smith's role at Jamestown can best be described as

A. very limited.

B. saving the colony from collapse.

C. reducing the terrible death toll.

D. worsening the colonists' relationship with the Indians.

E. persuading the colonists to continue their hunt for gold.

B

21. When Lord De La Warr took control of Jamestown in 1610, he

A. brought many Irish immigrants with him.

B. died within a few months of his arrival.

C. re-established better relations with the Indians.

D. imposed a harsh military regime on the colony.

E. halted the rapid population decline.

D

A peace settlement ended the First Anglo-Powhatan War in 1614 by the

A. marriage of Pocahontas to the colonist John Rolfe.

B. mass killing of the entire Powhatan tribe.

C. agreement of John Rolfe and Pocahontas to divorce.

D. English agreeing to give up all land in Virginia to the Powhatan tribe.

E. Powhatan tribe agreeing to give up all land in Virginia to the English.

A

The Dutch colony of New Netherland (later New York) was

A. established for its quick profit of fur trading.

B. tolerated Quakers from nearby Pennsylvania.

C. All of these

D. allowed only Dutch immigrants to settle there.

E. supported free speech and other democratic practices.

C(all)

The biggest disrupter of Native American life was

A. disease.

B. the formation of new tribes.

C. introduction of horses.

D. firearms.

E. loss of culture.

A

The purpose of the periodic "mourning wars" was to

A. break up the Iroquois Confederacy.

B. the result of diplomatic failures among the Indians.

C. to stop the spread of European settlements.

D. to avenge the death of Huron warriors.

E. the large-scale adoption of captives and refugees.

E

Which of the following is NOT a true statement about Iroquois society?

A. When a man married, he moved into the home of his wife and her family.

B. Two families would live together in one longhouse.

C. Five nations joined together to form the Iroquois Confederacy but maintained their independence.

D. Women dominated Iroquois society.

E. All men's connections and positions of prominence came from the maternal line.

D

The cultivation of tobacco in Jamestown resulted in all the following except

A. the destruction of the soil.

B. the broad-acre plantation system.

C. diversification of the colony's economy.

D. a great demand for controlled labor.

E. soaring prosperity in the colony.

C

During the early years of colonization in the New World, England

A. began the importation of African slaves in large numbers.

B. closely controlled its colonies.

C. made sure all the colonies had royal charters.

D. paid little attention to its colonies.

E. maintained an excellent relationship with the Indians.

D

The Separatists migrated from Holland to the New World in order to

A. escape the jurisdiction of the Virginia Company.

B. establish a new nation.

C. avoid the coming war with France.

D. avoid the Dutchification of their children.

E. gain wealth through all the economic incentives the New World offered.

D

As a colony, Rhode Island became known for

A. never having secured a charter from Parliament.

B. individualistic and independent attitudes.

C. unified religious beliefs.

D. its poor treatment of Indians.

E. support of special privilege.

B

Roger Williams' beliefs included all of the following except

A. challenging the legality of Massachusetts Bay's charter.

B. breaking away from the Church of England.

C. condemning the taking of Indian land without fair compensation.

D. demanding oaths regarding religious beliefs.

E. denying the authority of civil government to regulate religious matters.

D

The leader that helped the Pilgrims survive was

A. John Smith.

B. John Winthrop.

C. William Bradford.

D. William Laud.

E. Roger Williams.

C

King James I opposed the Separatists who wanted to break away entirely from the Church of England because

A. he strongly believed in the concept of "visible saints."

B. never understood the political implications of their actions.

C. believed that they were turning their backs on the true Calvinist faith.

D. was a strong Catholic and the Separatists' doctrine went counter to the strict interpretation of the Bible.

E. realized that if his subjects could defy him as their spiritual leader, they could defy him as their political leader.

E

The summoning of Virginia's House of Burgesses marked an important precedent because it

A. was the first of many miniature parliaments to flourish in America.

B. was abolished by King James I.

C. allowed the seating of nonvoting Native Americans.

D. forced King James I to revoke the colony's royal charter and grant it self-government.

E. failed.

A

King Philip's War resulted in all the following except

A. the beheading of Wampanoag Chief Metacom and the sale of his wife and son into slavery.

B. the destruction of 12 Puritan towns.

C. the death of hundreds of colonists and many more Indians.

D. the lasting defeat of New England's Indians.

E. the immediate westward march of English settlement in New England.

E

New England Indians' only hope for resisting English encroachment lay in

A. allying themselves with the Dutch.

B. intertribal unity against the English.

C. acquiring English muskets.

D. building fortifications.

E. enlisting the aid of the French.

B

The colony of South Carolina prospered because of its

A. thriving shipbuilding industry.

B. by developing close economic ties with the British West Indies.

C. under the leadership of Oliver Cromwell.

D. only after Georgia was established.

B

Unlike Separatists, the Puritans advocated

A. strict separation of church and state.

B. remained members of the Church of England.

C. were Calvinists.

D. practiced passive resistance to oppression.

E. rejected belief in witchcraft.

B

All of the following are true statements about Quakers except

A. they swore solemn oaths of faith and devotion.

B. they trusted Indians in Pennsylvania as babysitters.

C. they were shrewd businessmen.

D. they advocated passive resistance and turning the other cheek against their enemies.

E. they built simple meetinghouses and believed they were all children in the sight of God.

A

According to Anne Hutchinson, a dissenter in Massachusetts Bay a person needs

A. only to obey the law of God.

B. antinomianism was heresy.

C. predestination was not a valid idea.

D. the truly saved need not bother to obey the laws of God or man.

E. direct revelation from God was impossible.

D

A major reason for the founding of the Maryland colony in 1634 was to

A. help the Protestants, by giving them a safe haven.

B. be financially profitable and create a refuge for the Catholics.

C. allowed Lord Baltimore to keep all the land for himself.

D. repudiate the feudal way of life.

E. establish a defensive buffer against Spanish colonies in the South.

B

In 1649, Maryland's Act of Toleration

A. abolished the death penalty previously given to those who denied the divinity of Jesus.

B. gave freedom only to Catholics.

C. protected Jews and atheists.

D. guaranteed toleration to all Christians.

E. was issued by Lord Baltimore.

D

Some Africans became especially valuable as slaves in the Carolinas because

A. exhibited skill as soldiers.

B. were skilled fishermen.

C. were experienced in rice cultivation.

D. were knowledgeable regarding cotton production.

E. had experience working in dry, desert-like areas.

C

The inhabitants of North Carolina were regarded by their neighbors as

A. fat.

B. too friendly with Spain.

C. too submissive to authority.

D. too Catholic.

E. hostile and violent.

E

The colony of Georgia was founded

A. as a defensive buffer against Spain for the valuable Carolinas.

B. by a joint-stock company.

C. to supply New England with much-needed African slaves.

D. in the 17th century.

E. by eight proprietors chosen by Charles II.

A

The New England family can best be described as

A. relatively small in size due to the frequency of deaths from childbirth.

B. similar to the family in the Chesapeake colonies.

C. a limiting factor in the growth of the region's population.

D. a very stable institution.

E. not very close-knit.

D

Seventeenth-century colonial tobacco growers usually responded to depressed prices for their crop by

A. planting corn and wheat instead of tobacco.

B. selling slaves to reduce productive labor.

C. selling land to reduce their volume of production.

D. growing more tobacco to increase their volume of production.

E. releasing unneeded indentured servants early.

D

The 1662 slave codes in Virginia are significant because they

A. made slaves and indentured servants of equal status under the law.

B. restricted the number of slaves that could be imported into the colony.

C. established a legal difference between servants and slaves based on race.

D. established curfews and prohibited slaves from moving freely about the colony.

E. outlined the conditions under which slaves could obtain their freedom.

C

Indentured servants in the seventeenth-century Chesapeake represented

A. 85% of the population.

B. one-tenth of the population.

C. one-fourth of the population.

D. half of the population.

E. three-quarters of the population.

E

Most of the inhabitants of the colonial American South were

A. native Americans.

B. black slaves.

C. landowning small farmers.

D. large merchant planters.

E. landless farm laborers.

C

As the seventeenth century wore on, regional differences continued to

A. crystalize, most notably the continuing rigidity of Puritanism.

B. the use of indentured servants.

C. loyalty to England.

D. the importance of slave labor in the South.

E. the breaking of the Atlantic economy.

D

Compared with indentured servants, African American slaves were more l

A. Likely to rebel.

B. less reliable workers.

C. a more easily controlled labor force.

D. cheaper to buy and own.

E. less expensive to buy but more expensive to keep.

C

Over the course of the seventeenth century, most indentured servants

A. saw their wages increase.

B.managed to escape the terms of their contracts.

C.became landowners.

D.faced increasingly harsh circumstances.

E. devolved into slavery.

D

The picture of colonial America that is emerging from new scholarship is

A. a society formed by European heritage.

B. American heritage.

C. encounters with native peoples.

D. many intertwining roots.

E. All of these

E(all)

Puritans refused to recognize a woman's separate property rights because

A. there was so little land available.

B. they worried that such rights would undercut the unity of married persons.

C. New England families were so rare.

D. All of these.

E. of the short life span of New England women.

B

During the seventeenth century, indentured servants solved the labor problem in many English colonies for all of the following reason except that

A. the Indian population proved to be an unreliable workforce because they died quickly after contact with whites.

B. in some areas families formed too slowly.

C. Spain had stopped sending slaves to its New World colonies.

D. families procreated too slowly.

E. African slaves cost too much money.

C

The Salem witchcraft trials were

A. accusations made by the daughters of business owners.

B. caused by ergot in the Puritans' bread.

C. the result of unsettled social and religious conditions in rapidly evolving Massachusetts.

D. a result of Roger Williams's activities.

E. unique to the English colonies.

C

This group reaped the greatest benefit from the land policies of the headright system.

A. African slaves

B. Indentured servants

C. Slave owners

D. New England colonists

E. Merchant planters

E

Identify the statement that is false.

A. Most of the early African immigrants gained their freedom.

B. Slavery was harshest in the deep South.

C. Some slaves became slave owners once they were freed.

D. The legal difference between a slave and a servant was unclear early on in colonial history.

E. Slavery in America began for economic reasons.

A

The population of the Chesapeake colonies, throughout the first half of the seventeenth century, was notable for

A. its low death rate.

B. scarcity of women.

C. fast growth rate.

D. stable family life.

E. large percentage of middle-aged men.

B

As a result of Bacon's Rebellion

A. African slavery was reduced.

B. planters began to look for less troublesome laborers.

C. better relation developed with local Indians.

D. Nathaniel Bacon was named to head the Virginia militia.

E. Governor Berkeley was dismissed from office.

B

In seventeenth-century colonial America, all of the following are true regarding women except

A. abusive husbands could be punished.

B. women dominated the profession of midwives.

C. women could not vote.

D. women could not own property under any circumstances.

E. women were regarded as morally weaker than men.

D

The Half-Way Covenant allowed

A. full communion for all nonconverted members.

B. allowed the children of unconverted existing members to be baptized but not full members of the church.

C. brought an end to the jeremiads of Puritan ministers.

D. strengthened the distinction between the elect and all others.

E. resulted in a decrease in church members.

B

In contrast to the Chesapeake colonies, those in New England

A. followed the land use pattern established by the local Indians.

B. expanded westward in a less orderly fashion.

C. had a more ethnically mixed population.

D. were more oriented towards the individual than toward community interests.

E. had a more diversified economy.

E

One feature common to all the eventually rebellious colonies was

A. their economic organization.

B. rapidly growing populations.

C. support of religious freedom.

D. similar social structures.

E. relatively equal wealth.

B

The Scots-Irish can best be described as

A. people who did not like to move.

B. builders of sturdy homes and well-kept farms.

C. loyal to the British king.

D. strong supporters of the Catholic Church.

E. pugnacious, lawless, and individualistic

E

An armed march in Philadelphia in 1764, protesting the Quaker oligarchy's lenient policy towards the Indians was known as

A.Shay's Rebellion.

B.Oligarchy Revolution.

C.Regulator Movement.

D.March of the Paxton Boys.

E.Bacon’s Rebellion.

D

In North Carolina, spearheaded by the Scots-Irish, a small insurrection against eastern domination of the colony's affairs was known as

A. the Regulator Movement.

B. Shay's Rebellion.

C.the March of the Paxton Boys.

D. the Whiskey Rebellion.

E.Bacon's Rebellion.

A

The most honored profession in early colonial society was

A. medicine.

B. merchants.

C. minister.

D.law.

E.farming.

C

The least honored profession in early colonial society was

A. minister.

B. farmer.

C. physician.

D. merchant.

E. teacher.

C

By the eighteenth century, the various colonial regions had distinct economic identities; the northern colonies relied on ________, the Chesapeake colonies relied on ________, and the southern colonies relied on ________.

A. cattle and grain, tobacco, rice and indigo.

B. shipbuilding, iron works, cattle and grain.

C. rice and indigo, lumber and timber, tobacco.

D. cattle and grain, tobacco, fishing.

E. furs and skins, tobacco, iron works.

A

The leading industry in the American colonies was

A. fishing.

B. agriculture.

C. commerce.

D. manufacturing.

E. slave trading.

B

One feature of the American economy that strained the relationship between the colonies and Britain was the

A. growing desire of Americans to trade with other nations in addition to Britain.

B. lack of any British regulations regarding trade with foreign nations.

C. the Americans' unwillingness to trade with the French West Indies.

D. British rejection of the Molasses Act.

E. British demand to halt the importation of slaves.

A

The Molasses Act of 1733 was intended to

A. stimulate the colonies' triangle trade with Africa and the West Indies.

B. satisfy colonial demand for earning foreign exchange money.

C. increase the colonists' standard of living and protect the livelihood of colonial merchants.

D inhibit colonial trade with the French West Indies.

E. require Americans to sell their molasses to British merchants.

D

A. frequented mainly by the lower class.

B. another cradle of democracy.

C. important in crystallizing public opinion.

D. hotbeds of agitation for the Revolutionary movement.

E. places providing amusements.

A

By the early eighteenth century, religion in colonial America was

A. holding steadfastly to the belief that spiritual conversion was essential for church membership.

B. stronger than at any previous time.

C. becoming less tolerant.

D.less fervid than when the colonies were established.

E. moving away from clerical intellectualism.

D

The New Light preachers of the Great Awakening

A. rarely addressed themselves to the matter of individual salvation.

B. reinforced the established churches.

C. opposed the emotionalism of the revivalists.

D. were ultimately unsuccessful in arousing the religious enthusiasm of colonial Americans.

E. delivered intensely emotional sermons.

E

Colonial schools and colleges placed their main emphasis on

A. modern languages.

B.science.

C.literature.

D. religion.

E. math.

D

The first American college free from denominational control was

A.the University of Pennsylvania.

B. Brown University.

C. Yale

D. Harvard

E. New York University.

A

The person most often called the "first civilized American" was

A. Benjamin Franklin

B. Phillis Wheatley

C. John Trumball

D. John Winthrop

E. Thomas Jefferson

A

The jury's decision in the case of John Peter Zenger, a newspaper printer, was significant because

A. it allowed the press to print irresponsible criticisms of powerful people.

B. it supported English law.

C. he was found guilty.

D. the ruling prohibited criticism of political officials.

E. it pointed the way to freedom of the press.

E

One political principle that colonial Americans came to cherish above most others was

A. self-taxation through representation.

B. restricting the right to vote to men only.

C.the property qualifications for voting.

D.the separation of powers.

E.one man, one vote.

A

In colonial elections

A. the right to vote was reserved for property holders.

B. most eligible voters zealously exercised their right to vote.

C. true democracy had arrived.

D. average citizens were usually elected to office.

E. only a small landed elite had the right to vote.

A

Colonists throughout the eighteenth century universally enjoyed all of the following amusements except

A. weddings and funerals.

B. celebrating Christmas.

C. enjoying Thanksgiving.

D. militia musters.

E. winter sports in the North; and cockfighting, hunting and horse racing in the South.

B

As the War for Independence began, the colonies had the advantage of:

A. Able naval leaders.

B. Potential aid from the Armed Neutrality League.

C. A well-organized, strongly committed, and united population.

D. Many outstanding civilian and military leaders.

E. Highly reliable and well-supplied troops.

D

The First Continental Congress was called in order to:

A. Become a legislative body.

B. Decide which of Parliament's taxes the colonies would or would not pay.

C. Consider ways of redressing colonial grievances against Britain.

D. Write the Declaration of Independence.

E. Help implement provisions of the Quebec Act.

C

The Boston Tea Party of 1773 was:

A. Not the only such protest to occur.

B. Directed only at the British East India Company.

C. The result of the Intolerable Acts.

D. Supported by friends of America in Britain.

E. An isolated incident.

A

Which of the following statements is false?

A. Bostonians dressed as Indians dumped 342 chests of tea into Boston harbor in protest of the tea tax.

B. Anger at the tea tax led to mass efforts to turn cargo ships around in New York, Philadelphia, and Annapolis.

C. Some Bostonians supported the Boston Tea Party, others disagreed with the destruction of property.

D. British officials granted the British East India Company a monopoly in the colonies to prevent its bankruptcy.

E. By 1773, it was clear that a colonial rebellion was inevitable.

E

The local committees of correspondence organized by Samuel Adams led to:

A. The Boston Massacre.

B. Served as a precursor to the United States Postal Service.

C. Kept opposition to the British alive through exchange letters.

D. Promoted independent action in each colony to support the British.

E. Promote his bid to become governor of Massachusetts.

C

The tax on tea was retained when the Townshend Acts were repealed because:

A. The money was needed to support troops.

B. Colonial governors requested it.

C. Parliament believed the colonists would not object.

D. It was the only tax passed by the colonists.

E. It kept alive the principle of parliamentary taxation.

E

All of the following are true about the War of Jenkins's Ear except:

A. New England recruits invaded New France.

B. It began as a small scuffle between Britain and Spain in America.

C. It resulted in Spain allying itself with Russia against France and Britain.

D. It came to be called King George's War after merging with the War of Austrian Succession in Europe.

E. It resulted in France allying itself with Britain.

E

New England colonists were outraged when British diplomats returned _____________ to France in 1748.

A. Newfoundland.

B. Louisbourg.

C. Nova Scotia.

D. Hudson Bay.

E. Acadia.

B

The clash between Britain and France for control of the North American continent sprang from their rivalry for control of:

A. The St. Lawrence River.

B. The Great Lakes.

C. The Ohio River Valley.

D. The Mississippi River.

E. Cape Breton Island.

C

In his first military command in the French and Indian War, George Washington:

A. Won a decisive and hard-fought battle at Fort Duquesne.

B. Was defeated at Fort Necessity but was allowed to retreat.

C. Turned his twenty years of military experience to great success.

D. Helped to force the French out of Nova Scotia.

E. Received strong support from the British.

B

The Seven Years' War was also known in America as:

A. The French and Indian War.

B. King William's War.

C. Queen Anne's War.

D. The War of Austrian Succession.

E. The War of Jenkins's Ear.

A

The long-range purpose of the Albany Congress in 1754 was to:

A. Declare war on the Iroquois tribe.

B. Prohibit New England and New York from trading with the French West Indies.

C. Achieve colonial unity and common defense against the French threat.

D. Gain peace with France.

E. Propose independence of the colonies from Britain.

C

Benjamin Franklin's plan for colonial home rule was rejected by the individual colonies because:

A. They did not feel that they had been well represented at the Albany Congress.

B. It did not seem to give enough independence to the colonies.

C. It did not provide for the common defense.

D. The British approved it.

E. It placed too much power in the hands of local governments.

B

The 1759 Battle of Quebec ended the War of French succession.

A. Ranks as one of the most significant victories in British and American history.

B. Had little impact on the Seven Years' War.

C. Was a key turning point in Queen Anne's War.

D. Was a dramatic victory for the French.

B

As a result of the Seven Years' War, Great Britain:

A. Became the dominant power in North America.

B. Annexed the island of Cuba.

C. Gained exclusive control of the slave trade.

D. All of these.

E. Gained control of Louisiana.

A

Colonists emerged from the French and Indian War with:

A. Increased authority to govern themselves.

B. More loyal to the British than ever.

C. More confident in their military strength.

D. Solidly allied with Native Americans.

E. With the respect of the British government.

C

The Proclamation of 1763 declared:

A. War on Chief Pontiac and his fierce warriors.

B. Opened Canada to American settlement.

C. Removed the Spanish and Indian menace from the colonial frontier.

D. Prohibited colonial settlement west of the Appalachian Mountains.

E. Was warmly received by American land speculators.

D

Republican belief held that the stability of society and the authority of the government:

A. Depended on the virtue of its citizens.

B. Depended on a strong hierarchical culture.

C. Rested with a strong monarchy.

D. Rested with the legislature.

E. Rested on an interdependence of all citizens.

A

Under mercantilist doctrine, the American colonies were expected to do all the following except:

A. Furnish ships, seamen, and trade to bolster the strength of the Royal Navy.

B. Supply Britain with products such as tobacco, sugar, and ships' masts.

C. Provide a market for British manufactured goods.

D. Become economically self-sufficient as soon as possible.

E. Refrain from exporting woolen cloth.

D

The British Crown's royal veto of colonial legislation:

A. Was opposed by many members of the British Parliament.

B. Was what finally provoked the War of Independence.

C. Prohibited colonists from conducting the slave trade.

D. Was used frequently to overturn laws passed by colonial assemblies.

E. Was used sparingly by the British Parliament.

E

Before 1763, the Navigation Laws:

A. Discouraged smuggling by American colonial merchants.

B. Were a great burden only to India.

C. Were only loosely enforced in the American colonies.

D. Hurt Great Britain more than the American colonies.

E. Were enforced heavily in the American colonies and were effective.

C

Passage of the Sugar Act and the Stamp Act led many to believe that:

A. The British were expanding colonial freedom.

B. Resulted in fewer laws being passed by Parliament regarding the colonies.

C. Exemplified to many colonists the difference between legislation and taxation.

D. Convinced many colonists that the British were trying to take away their historic liberty.

E. Required action by each colonial legislature.

D

Colonists objected to the Stamp Act because they believed:

A. It could not be repealed.

B. It was a very expensive tax.

C. They wanted their independence.

D. They opposed all taxes.

E. Parliament passed the tax, not the colonists.

E

The Quartering Act required that colonists:

A. Ship all their export goods through England.

B. Pay one quarter of their income to the British crown.

C. Try those accused of theft in admiralty courts.

D. Provide housing and food for British troops.

E. None of these.

D

Virtual representation meant that:

A. Parliament could pass virtually all types of legislation except taxes.

B. Each member of Parliament represented only people in their district.

C. Almost all British subjects were represented in Parliament.

D. Every member of Parliament represented all British subjects everywhere.

E. Colonists could elect their own representatives to Parliament.

D

Women supported protests against the Stamp Act in all the following ways except:

A. Signing petitions.

B. Cooking lamb chops for their families.

C. Making homespun cloth to replace British textiles.

D. Assembling in public to hold spinning bees.

E. Boycotting consumer goods imported from England.

B

The first law ever passed by Parliament for raising tax revenues in the colonies for the crown was the:

A. Declaratory Act.

B. Sugar Act.

C. Townshend Act.

D. Quartering Act.

E. Stamp Act.

B

The first Navigation Laws were designed to:

A. Help the colonists get the best possible price for their trade goods.

B. Support the mapping of the Atlantic trade routes.

C. Eliminate Dutch shippers from the American carrying trade.

D. Encourage agricultural experimentation in the colonies.

E. Foster a colonial economy that would offer healthy competition with Britain's.

C

Not one of the original thirteen colonies except ___________ was formally planted by the British government.

A. Georgia.

B. Maryland.

C. Virginia.

D. Massachusetts.

E. South Carolina.

A

The disunity that existed in the colonies before the Seven Years' War can be attributed to all of the following except:

A. The enormous distances between colonies.

B. Varied nationalities.

C. Geographical barriers like rivers.

D. Contempt for the British government.

E. Conflicting religions.

Answer: D. Contempt for the British go

D

The New England economy depended heavily on:

A. Fishing, shipbuilding, and commerce.

B. Tobacco.

C. Slave labor.

D. The production of many staple crops.

E. Rice production.

A

The Mayflower Compact can best be described as a(n):

A. Complex agreement to form an oligarchy.

B. Document that allowed women limited participation in government.

C. Promising step toward genuine self-government.

D. Agreement to follow the dictates of Parliament.

E. Constitution that established a working government.

C

When the Second Continental Congress met in 1775:

A. Its members felt a strong desire for independence.

B. The conservative element was weakened.

C. It cut off communications with the British government.

D. There was no well-defined sentiment for independence.

E. It continued to stall on the creation of an army and navy.

D

Perhaps the most important single action of the Second Continental Congress was to:

A. Select George Washington to head the army.

B. Draft new appeals to the king.

C. Adopt measures to raise money.

D. Postpone an immediate demand for independence.

E. Support independence.

A

All of the following statements are true regarding Washington's selection to head up the army except:

A. Sections of the country were becoming jealous of New England, and prudence suggested a commander from Virginia.

B. His choice was largely political, as an aristocrat, he could be counted on by his peers to check "the excesses of the masses."

C. As a man of wealth, he could not be accused of being a fortune-seeker.

D. Congress strongly perceived his qualities of leadership.

D

In 1775, once fighting between the colonies and Great Britain began:

A. America immediately declared its independence.

B. The colonists affirmed their loyalty to the King.

C. The tempo of warfare diminished.

D. The colonists denounced the Parliament

B

In May 1775, a tiny American force under Ethan Allen and Benedict Arnold captured the British garrisons at Fort Ticonderoga and Crown Point in upper New York. What did the Americans secure as a result of this victory?

A. A large supply of military clothing and rations.

B. The best military unit fighting under the British flag was taken out of commission.

C. It was a strategic victory as the Americans were now in position for their assault on Canada.

D. This was the event that pushed the French to declare war against the British.

E. A priceless store of gunpowder and artillery for the siege of Boston was secured.

E

The colonial army eventually lost the Battle of Bunker Hill because:

A. Its troops were poor shots.

B. Poorly organized.

C. Lacking in courage.

D. Outnumbered.

E. Short of gunpowder.

E

King George III officially declared the colonies in rebellion just after:

A. Hiring Hessian soldiers to fight in America.

B. The Battle of Bunker Hill.

C. The armed clash at Lexington and Concord.

D. The First Continental Congress convened.

E. Benedict Arnold's forces captured Fort Ticonderoga and Crown Point.

B

The Olive Branch Petition was:

A. Passed by Parliament.

B. Professed American loyalty to the crown.

C. An attempt by the colonists to gain support of Native Americans.

D. Promised no treason charges if colonists stopped fighting.

E. An expression of King George III's desire for peace.

B

In March 1776, this event is still celebrated today, and it is known as Evacuation Day. What happened on this day?

A. Capture of Fort Ticonderoga.

B. Signing of the Olive Branch Petition.

C. Capture of Quebec.

D. Retreat of Bunker Hill.

E. British evacuation of Boston.

E

One purpose of the Declaration of Independence was to:

A. Warn other nations to stay out of the Revolution.

B. Ask for an end to slavery.

C. Appeal for fairer treatment by Parliament.

D. Explain to the rest of the world why the colonists had revolted.

E. Condemn Parliament for its actions.

D

Thomas Paine argued that all government officials:

A. Need not listen to the voice of the uneducated.

B. Should be part of a "natural aristocracy."

C. Should derive their authority from popular consent.

D. Were corrupt.

E. Should not be paid for their service.

C

When America became a republic and political power no longer rested with an all-powerful king, the American colonies were able to gain their independence because:

A. England experienced the Glorious Revolution.

B. Chaos gripped the nation.

C. Individuals needed to sacrifice their own self-interest to the public good.

D. The country had to have a quick and decisive victory.

E. None of these.

D

129. Which individual privately advocated equality for women?

A. Thomas Jefferson.

B. Martha Washington.

C. Betsy Ross.

D. Abigail Adams.

E. Benjamin Franklin.

D

The Declaration of Independence did all the following except:

A. Catalog the tyrannical actions of King George III.

B. Offer the British one last chance at reconciliation.

C. Accuse the British of violating the natural rights of the Americans.

D. Argued that royal tyranny justified revolt.

E. Invoke the natural rights of mankind to justify revolt.

B

Loyalists were least numerous in:

A. Pennsylvania.

B. Virginia.

C. New York.

D. New England.

E. The middle colonies.

D

The Americans who continued to support the crown after independence had been declared were generally:

A. Wealthy.

B. From among the older generation.

C. Well-educated.

D. Affiliated with the Anglican Church.

E. From New England.

E

In late 1776 and early 1777, George Washington helped restore confidence in America's military by:

A. Bringing in Alexander Hamilton as his aide.

B. Securing the support of France for the American war effort with a victory in New York City.

C. Gaining a pay raise for American troops.

D. Providing adequate food and clothing for his soldiers.

E. Defeating the Hessians at Trenton and the British at Princeton.

E

The basic strategy of the British in 1777 was to:

A. Try to control the Delaware Valley.

B. Hold the cities and let colonists control the countryside.

C. Isolate the South.

D. Isolate New England.

E. Invade the southern colonies.

D

The Battle of Saratoga was a key victory for the Americans because it:

A. Kept Benedict Arnold from joining the British.

B. Brought the British to offer recognition of colonial independence.

C. Prevented the fighting from spreading into the southern colonies.

D. Brought the colonists much-needed aide and a formal alliance with France.

D

France came to America's aid in the Revolution because:

A. Its new alliance with Britain would be a surprise to both militaries.

B. It could use America to test new military tactics.

C. It hoped to gain access to the American fur trade.

D. French officials supported the cause of democracy.

E. It wanted revenge against the British.

E

Some Indian nations joined the British during the Revolutionary War because

A. the British hired them as mercenaries.

B. the British threatened them with destruction if they did not help.

C. they believed that a British victory would restrain American expansion into the West.

D. they believed that the British would restore them to their original territorial possessions.

E. they were bound by treaties.

C

The Indian chief who fought for the British in New York and Pennsylvania was:

A. Pontiac.

B. King Philip.

C. Seneca.

D. Joseph Brant.

E. Cowpens.

D

The Treaty of Fort Stanwix, the first treaty between the United States and an Indian nation, resulted in:

A. The renunciation by the Oneidas and the Tuscaroras of their support for the British.

B. An end to the practice of scalping.

C. The ceding of most of the Iroquois' land.

D. Turning over the hair buyers for prosecution.

C

Britain gave America generous terms in the Treaty of Paris because:

A. British leaders had changed from Whig to Tory.

B. Feared continued war might lead to a loss of their Latin American colonies.

C. Realized that they had been beaten badly.

D. Were trying to persuade America to abandon its alliance with France.

E. Wanted to help Spain as well.

D

When the Second Continental Congress met in 1775

a.

its members felt a strong desire for independence.

b.

it cut off communications with the British government.

c.

it continued to stall on the creation of an army and navy.

d.

there was no well-defined sentiment for independence.

e.

the conservative element was weakened.

D

Perhaps the most important single action of the Second Continental Congress was to

a.

select George Washington to head the army.

b.

draft new appeals to the king.

c.

adopt measures to raise money.

d.

postpone an immediate demand for independence.

e.

support independence.

A

All of the following statements are true regarding Washington's selection to head up the Continental army except

a.

congress strongly perceived his qualities of leadership.

b.

his choice was largely political.

c.

sections of the country were becoming jealous of New England, and prudence suggested a commander from Virginia.

d.

as a man of wealth, he could not be accused of being a fortune-seeker.

e.

as an aristocrat, he could be counted on by his peers to check "the excesses of the masses."

A

In 1775, once fighting between the colonies and Great Britain began

a.

America immediately declared its independence.

b.

the tempo of warfare diminished.

c.

the colonists denounced the Parliament.

d.

the colonists affirmed their loyalty to the King.

e.

the French declared war on Great Britain.

D

In May 1775, a tiny American force under Ethan Allen and Benedict Arnold captured the British garrisons at Ft. Ticonderoga and Crown Point in upper New York. What did the Americans secure as a result of this victory?

a.

The best military unit fighting under the British flag was taken out of commission.

b.

A priceless store of gunpowder and artillery for the siege of Boston was secured.

c.

A large supply of military clothing and rations

d.

This was the event that pushed the French to declare war against the British.

e.

It was a strategic victory as the Americans were now in position for their assault on Canada.

D

The colonial army eventually lost the Battle of Bunker Hill because its troops were

a.

outnumbered.

b.

short of gunpowder.

c.

poorly organized.

d.

poor shots.

e.

lacking in courage.

B

King George III officially declared the colonies in rebellion just after

a.

the armed clash at Lexington and Concord.

b.

the First Continental Congress convened.

c.

the Battle of Bunker Hill.

d.

Benedict Arnold's forces' captured Ticonderoga and Crown Point.

e.

hiring Hessian solders to fight in America.

C

The Olive Branch Petition

a.

was passed by Parliament.

b.

was an expression of King George III's desire for peace.

c.

promised no treason charges if colonists stopped fighting.

d.

was an attempt by the colonists to gain support of Native Americans.

e.

professed American loyalty to the crown.

E

With the American invasion of Canada in 1775

a.

the French Canadians took the opportunity to revolt against British control.

b.

Benedict Arnold seized the occasion to desert to the British.

c.

contradicted the colonials' claim that they were merely fighting defensively for a redress of grievances.

d.

the Revolution became a world war.

e.

George III declared the colonies in rebellion.

C

In March 1776, this event is still celebrated today and it is known as Evacuation Day, what happened on this day?

a.

Capture of Ft. Ticonderoga

b.

Retreat of Bunker Hill

c.

Signing of the Olive Branch Petition

d.

Capture of Quebec

e.

British evacuation of Boston

E

Independence was to

a.

warn other nations to stay out of the Revolution.

b.

ask for an end to slavery.

c.

appeal for fairer treatment by Parliament.

d.

explain to the rest of the world why the colonies had revolted.

e.

condemn Parliament for its actions.

D

Thomas Paine argued that all government officials

a.

were corrupt.

b.

should derive their authority from popular consent.

c.

should be part of a "natural aristocracy."

d.

need not listen to the voice of the uneducated.

e.

should not be paid for their service.

B

When America became a republic and political power no longer rested with an all-powerful king,

a.

the American colonies were able to gain their independence.

b.

England experienced the Glorious Revolution.

c.

individuals needed to sacrifice their own self-interest to the public good.

d.

chaos gripped the nation.

e.

the country had to have a quick and decisive military victory.

C

Which individual privately advocated equality for women?

a.

Betsy Ross

b.

Thomas Jefferson

c.

Martha Washington

d.

Benjamin Franklin

e.

Abigail Adams

E

The Declaration of Independence did all of the following except

a.

invoke the natural rights of humankind to justify revolt.

b.

catalog the tyrannical actions of King George III.

c.

argue that royal tyranny justified revolt.

d.

offer the British one last chance at reconciliation.

e.

accuse the British of violating the natural rights of the Americans.

D

The Americans who continued to support the crown after independence had been declared were more likely to be all of the following except

a.

well educated.

b.

from among the older generation.

c.

affiliated with the Anglican Church.

d.

from New England.

e.

wealthy.

D

Loyalists were least numerous in

a.

New York.

b.

Pennsylvania.

c.

Virginia.

d.

the middle colonies.

e.

New England.

E

E

In late 1776 and early 1777, George Washington helped restore confidence in America's military by

a.

defeating the Hessians at Trenton and the British at Princeton.

b.

securing the support of France for the American war effort with a victory in New York City.

c.

gaining a pay raise for American troops.

d.

bringing in Alexander Hamilton as his aide.

e.

providing adequate food and clothing for the soldiers.

A

The basic strategy of the British in 1777 was to try to

a.

control the Delaware Valley.

b.

invade the southern colonies.

c.

isolate New England.

d.

hold the cities and let colonists control the countryside.

e.

isolate the South.

C

The Battle of Saratoga was a key victory for the Americans because it

a.

brought the British to offer recognition of colonial independence.

b.

brought the colonists much-needed aid and a formal alliance with France.

c.

prevented the fighting from spreading into the southern colonies.

d.

prevented the colonial capital from being captured by the British.

e.

kept Benedict Arno

B

France came to America's aid in the Revolution because

a.

French officials supported the cause of democracy.

b.

it hoped to gain access to the American fur trade.

c.

it wanted revenge against the British.

d.

it could use America to test new military tactics.

e.

its new alliance with Britain would be a surprise to both militaries.

C

Some Indian nations joined the British during the Revolutionary War because

a.

the British threatened them with destruction if they did not help.

b.

they believed that a British victory would restrain American expansion into the West.

c.

the British hired them as mercenaries.

d.

they were bound by treaties.

e.

they believed that the British would restore them to their original territorial possessions.

B

The Indian chief who fought for the British in New York and Pennsylvania was

a.

Seneca.

b.

Pontiac.

c.

Joseph Brant.

d.

King Philip.

e.

Cowpens.

C

The Treaty of Fort Stanwix, the first treaty between the United States and an Indian nation, resulted in

a.

the ceding of most of the Iroquois' land.

b.

an end to the practice of scalping.

c.

the slowing of the westward movement of pioneers.

d.

the renunciation by the Oneidas and the Tuscaroras of their support for the British.

e.

turning over the hair buyers for prosecution.

A

Britain gave America generous terms in the Treaty of Paris because British leaders

a.

realized that they had been beaten badly.

b.

wanted to help Spain as well.

c.

had changed from Whig to Tory.

d.

were trying to persuade America to abandon its alliance with France.

e.

feared continued war might lead to a loss of their Latin American colonies.

D

Identify the statement that is false.

a.

History provided countless precedents for erecting a republic on a national scale.

b.

By 1783, the Americans had won their freedom.

c.

The Americans were blessed with a vast and fertile land.

d.

The Americans had inherited from their colonial experience a proud legacy of self-rule.

e.

No law of nature guaranteed that the thirteen colonies would be able to expand their democratic ideals.

A

The Founders failed to eliminate slavery because

a.

they did not truly believe in democracy.

b.

a fight over slavery might destroy national unity.

c.

they were more concerned with securing equality for women.

d.

the North, as its industry expanded, began to rely more heavily on slave labor.

e.

economic conditions would not allow such a loss.

B

As a result of the Revolution's emphasis on equality, all of the following were achieved except

a.

the reduction of property qualifications for voting by most states.

b.

the growth of trade organizations for artisans and laborers.

c.

the establishment of the world's first antislavery society.

d.

full equality between women and men.

e.

abolishing medieval inheritance laws.

D

Which of these is NOT a true statement about women's roles after the Revolution?

a.

They continued to do traditional women's work.

b.

They heeded Abigail Adams' warning to rebel if they did not gain political rights.

c.

The new ideology of republican motherhood elevated them as special keepers of the nation's conscience.

d.

They gained access to educational opportunities.

e.

State constitutions, like New Jersey's, briefly gave women the right to vote.

B

The economic status of the average American at the end of the Revolutionary War was

a.

better than before the war.

b.

probably worse than before the war.

c.

about the same as before the war.

d.

more closely tied to Britain than before the war.

e.

more closely tied to France than before the war.

B

Immediately after the Revolution, the new American nation's greatest strength lay in its

a.

ingrained respect for authority.

b.

excellent political leadership.

c.

lack of inhibiting political heritage.

d.

sound economic structure.

e.

economic

B

One of the most farsighted provisions of the Northwest Ordinance of 1787

a.

set aside a section of each township for education.

b.

abolished slavery in all of the United States.

c.

prohibited slavery in the Old Northwest.

d.

kept power in the national government.

e.

established a commission to determine the extent of a need for a Bill of Rights.

C

Shays's Rebellion was provoked by

a.

fear that the Articles of Confederation had created too strong a national government for the United States.

b.

efforts by wealthy merchants to replace the Articles of Confederation with a new constitution.

c.

a quarrel over the boundary between Massachusetts and Vermont.

d.

foreclosures on the mortgages of debt-strapped backcountry farmers.

e.

the government's failure to pay bonuses to Revolutionary War veterans

D

Shays's Rebellion convinced many Americans of the need for

a.

lower taxes.

b.

granting long-delayed bonuses to Revolutionary War veterans.

c.

a vigilante effort by westerners to halt the Indian threat.

d.

a stronger central government.

e.

a weaker military presence in the West.

D

The debate between the supporters and critics of the Articles of Confederation centered on how to

a.

reconcile states' rights with strong national government.

b.

transfer territories to equal statehood.

c.

abolish slavery yet preserve national unity.

d.

balance the power of legislative and executive offices of government.

e.

conduct foreign policy while remaining neutral.

A

The Constitutional Convention was called to

a.

write a completely new constitution.

b.

allow the most radical Revolutionary leaders to write their ideas into law.

c.

weaken the power of the central government.

d.

revise the Articles of Confederation.

e.

reassess our foreign alliances.

D

The delegate whose contributions to the Philadelphia Convention were so notable that he has been called the "Father of the Constitution" was

a.

George Washington.

b.

Benjamin Franklin.

c.

James Madison.

d.

Thomas Jefferson.

e.

Patrick Henry.

C

The large-state plan, put forward in the Constitutional Convention

a.

ultimately provided the framework of the Constitution.

b.

was proposed by Patrick Henry.

c.

favored states such as New Jersey.

d.

favored southern states over northern states.

e.

based representation in the House and Senate on population.

E

The Great Compromise at the Constitutional Convention worked out an acceptable scheme for

a.

regulating interstate commerce.

b.

levying taxes for raising a militia.

c.

apportioning congressional representation.

d.

electing the president.

e.

choosing Senators.

C

Under the Constitution, the president of the United States was to be elected by a majority vote of the

a.

general public.

b.

Senate.

c.

Electoral College.

d.

House of Representatives.

e.

state legislatures.

C

The Constitutional Convention addressed the North-South controversy over slavery through the

a.

large-state plan.

b.

small-state plan.

c.

three-fifths compromise.

d.

closing of the slave trade until 1807.

e.

Northwest Ordinance.

C

The one branch of the government elected directly by the people is the

a.

military.

b.

House of Representatives.

c.

executive.

d.

judiciary.

e.

Senate

B

Probably the most alarming characteristic of the new Constitution to those who opposed it was the

a.

creation of a federal district for the national capital.

b.

creation of a standing army.

c.

absence of a bill of rights.

d.

omission of any reference to God.

e.

creation of the presidency.

C

Which delegate to the Second Continental Congress was critical to gaining French support for the Revolutionary War?

A. John Adams

B. George Washington

C.Thomas Jefferson

D. James Madison

E. Benjamin Franklin

E

When the new government was launched in 1789

a.

the nation's population was doubling about every twenty-five years.

b.

most people lived in the fast-growing cities.

c.

most people lived west of the Allegheny Mountains.

d.

New York was the largest city in the nation.

e.

Great Britain refused to establish diplomatic relations with the United States.

A

The new Constitution did not provide for the creation of a(n)

a.

Electoral College.

b.

vice president.

c.

Supreme Court.

d.

cabinet.

e.

federal court system.

D

One of the major criticisms of the Constitution, as drafted in Philadelphia, was that it

a.

was too long and detailed.

b.

was far too short and required more detail.

c.

failed to guarantee property rights.

d.

failed to provide a mechanism for amendment.

e.

did not provide guarantees for individual rights.

E

All of the following were true of Alexander Hamilton except

a.

he served as the first Secretary of the Treasury.

b.

his intelligence was constantly under question, but his loyalty to the republican experiment never wavered.

c.

he would have been president if it were not for his ultraconservatism, a scandalous adultery, and a duelist's bullet.

d.

his chief rival was Thomas Jefferson.

e.

he claimed that the "British Government was the best in the world."

B

Alexander Hamilton's financial program for the economic development of the United States favored

a.

agricultural interests.

b.

trade with France.

c.

the wealthier class.

d.

the poor.

e.

the middle class.

C

All of the following were part of Alexander Hamilton's economic program except

a.

the creation of a national bank.

b.

funding the entire national debt at par.

c.

vigorous foreign trade.

d.

protective tariffs.

e.

paying only domestic debts but not foreign debts.

E

Jefferson's argument against the constitutionality of a Bank of the United States were based on the strict construction principles, especially embodied in the

a.

Articles of Confederation.

b.

"necessary and proper" clause of the Constitution.

c.

Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions.

d.

Tenth Amendment in the Bill of Rights.

e.

restrictions on Congress's power in Article I, section 10 of the Constitution.

D

The Whiskey Rebellion of 1794 arose in southwestern Pennsylvania when the federal government

a.

levied an excise tax on whiskey.

b.

tried to prohibit the sale of whiskey.

c.

allowed the import of foreign whiskey.

d.

halted the export of American whiskey.

e.

tried to prohibit the manufacturing of whiskey.

A

All of the following are true statements about the Whiskey Rebellion except

a.

backcountry pioneer folk saw whiskey not as a luxury but as an economic necessity and medium of exchange.

b.

protesters felt burdened by Hamilton's economic programs.

c.

Washington responded to the Whiskey Rebellion by negotiating with the protestors.

d.

protesters erected whiskey poles similar to liberty poles used against the Stamp Act in 1765.

e.

whiskey rebels tarred and feathered revenue officers.

C

The Founders had not envisioned the existence of permanent political parties because they

a.

opposed anyone who disagreed with them.

b.

were not part of the early colonial governments.

c.

had existed in Britain.

d.

saw them as a sign of disloyalty and lack of national unity.

e.

had caused the fall of republican Rome.

D

The event of the 1790s that has left the deepest scar on American political and social life is

a.

the Whiskey Rebellion.

b.

the French Revolution.

c.

Hamilton's economic plan for the country.

d.

the trouble with Native Americans.

e.

the development of the political party system.

B

The political party of the outs that provided the loyal opposition to the party in power in the 1790s was the

a.

Antifederalists.

b.

Federalists.

c.

Democratic-Republicans.

d.

Whigs.

e.

Tories.

C

The Neutrality Proclamation in 1793

a.

declared that America would honor the principles found in the Franco-American Alliance of 1778.

b.

would require the United States to send troops to France if it was attacked by Britain.

c.

officially proclaimed America's neutrality in Old World quarrels.

d.

was adopted by both Congress and the President, making it a bilateral agreement by all branches of the Federal Government.

e.

led the United States to war with Britain in 1812.

C

During its first quarter-century as a nation, one of the major problems facing America was

a.

the rivalry and warfare between France and Britain.

b.

a lack of good political leadership.

c.

the continued fighting between the United States and the Armed Neutrality League.

d.

Indian affairs.

e.

separation of church and state.

A

The Treaty of Greenville signed in August with the Miami Confederation resulted in all of the following except

a.

giving to the United States vast tracts of land in the Old Northwest.

b.

the Indians receiving a $20,000 lump sum payment.

c.

an annual annuity of $9,000 to the Indians.

d.

the right of the Indians to hunt the land they had ceded.

e.

the establishment of an equal relationship with the Indians

E

In Jay's Treaty, the British

a.

pledged to stop seizing American ships.

b.

released Americans from their pre-Revolutionary War debt obligations to British merchants.

c.

promised to evacuate the chain of forts in the Old Northwest.

d.

refused to pay damages for seizures of American ships.

e.

were denied most favored nation status.

C

The United States acquired free navigation of the Mississippi River, the rights of deposit at New Orleans, and the large disputed territory north of Florida in

a.

the Treaty of Greenville.

b.

Jay's Treaty.

c.

the Convention of 1800.

d.

the Pinckney Treaty.

e.

the Treaty of Paris.

D

One of George Washington's major contributions as president was

a.

keeping the nation out of foreign wars.

b.

the signing of Jay's Treaty.

c.

his advice against forming permanent alliances with foreign nations.

d.

securing a pledge from Britain to stop arming Indians on the western lands.

e.

establishing the political party system.

A

Washington's decision to retire from the presidency in 1797

a.

paved the way for Thomas Jefferson to step into the presidency.

b.

established a two-term tradition for American presidents.

c.

was capped off with a powerful Farewell Address, delivered before thousands of people.

d.

had political leaders singing his praises for his accomplishments and dedication.

e.

led England to see the fledgling nation as vulnerable.

B

Washington's Farewell Address in 1796

a.

warmly endorsed the appearance of two contending political parties in America.

b.

warned against the dangers of permanent foreign alliances.

c.

was delivered to a joint session of Congress by Washington himself.

d.

proposed a two-term limitation on the presidency.

e.

called for the country to rally behind the political party of the Jeffersonian-Republicans.

B

The ____ amendment dealt with the problem of having a president and vice-president from two different political parties.

a.

Ninth

b.

Tenth

c.

Eleventh

d.

Twelfth

e.

Thirteenth

D

The French grew angry with the United States after 1794 because

a.

of Jay's Treaty.

b.

Congress appointed second-rate ambassadors.

c.

of the XYZ affair.

d.

John Adams had been elected president.

e.

Thomas Jefferson was removed as ambassador.

A

Foreign relations between the United States and France deteriorated in the late 1790s over

a.

the deportation of Citizen Genêt.

b.

French seizure of American merchant ships.

c.

the adjustment of the Florida boundary.

d.

America's unilateral withdrawal from the Franco-American alliance.

e.

Pinckney's Treaty.

B

The immediate cause of the undeclared war between the United States and France was

a.

the XYZ affair.

b.

the Genêt mission.

c.

the Neutrality Proclamation.

d.

Washington's Farewell Address.

e.

Jay's Treaty.

A

The main purpose of the Alien and Sedition Acts was to

a.

capture French and British spies.

b.

control the Federalists.

c.

silence and punish critics of the Federalists.

d.

keep Thomas Jefferson from becoming president.

e.

provide support for the Democratic-Republican party.

C

The Federalist-dominated Congress's Alien Act was aimed at ____, whereas the Sedition Act was primarily aimed at ____.

a.

rebellious slaves, newspapers

b.

recent immigrants, newspapers

c.

recent immigrants, merchants

d.

merchant smuggling, rebellious slaves

e.

Indians, farmers

B

The Sedition Act

a.

threatened First Amendment freedoms.

b.

established criteria for deporting dangerous foreigners.

c.

changed naturalization requirements for new citizens.

d.

was never enforced.

e.

was found by the Supreme Court to be unconstitutional.

A

Members of the planter aristocracy

a.

produced fewer front-rank statesmen than the North.

b.

dominated society and politics in the South.

c.

provided democratic rule in the South.

d.

promoted tax-supported public education.

e.

kept up with developments in modern thought.

B

All the following were true of the American economy under Cotton Kingdom except

a.

cotton accounted for half the value of all American exports after 1840.

b.

the South produced more than half the entire world's supply of cotton.

c.

75 percent of the British supply of cotton came from the South.

d.

quick profits from cotton drew planters to its economic enterprise.

e.

the South reaped all the profits from the cotton trade.

E

The plantation system of the Cotton South was

a.

increasingly monopolistic.

b.

efficient at utilizing natural resources.

c.

financially stable.

d.

attractive to European immigrants.

e.

unable to expand westward.

A

European immigration to the South was discouraged by

a.

competition with slave labor.

b.

southern anti-Catholicism.

c.

Irish antislavery groups.

d.

immigration barriers enacted by southern states.

e.

their inability to tolerate the hot climate.

A

All told, only about ____ of white southerners owned slaves or belonged to a slaveholding family.

a.

one fourth

b.

one third

c.

half

d.

two thirds

e.

three fourths

A

Most white southerners were

a.

planter aristocrats.

b.

small slaveowners.

c.

merchants and artisans.

d.

"poor white trash."

e.

subsistence farmers.

E

Uncle Tom's Cabin was written by

a.

Susan B. Anthony.

b.

Lucrecia Mott.

c.

Harriet Beecher Stowe.

d.

Margaret Fuller.

e.

Harriet Tubman.

C

Some southern slaves gained their freedom as a result of

a.

the prohibition of the Atlantic slave trade after 1807.

b.

purchase by northern abolitionists.

c.

fleeing to mountain hideaways.

d.

purchasing their way out of slavery with money earned after hours.

e.

the objection to slaveholding by some white women.

D

For free blacks living in the North

a.

living conditions were nearly equal to those for whites.

b.

voting rights were widespread.

c.

good jobs were plentiful.

d.

education opened the door to economic opportunity.

e.

discrimination was common.

E

All of the following are true statements about free blacks except

a.

they were banned from entering several northern states.

b.

they were always vulnerable to being hijacked back into slavery in the South.

c.

slaveholders feared that they were living examples of what might be achieved with emancipation.

d.

in the North, they forged ties with the Irish, who similarly worked in menial jobs.

e.

most states denied them the right to vote.

D

Slavery's greatest psychological horror, and the theme of Harriet Beecher Stowe's Uncle Tom's Cabin, was

a.

the enforced separation of slave families, whose members could be sold away from each other.

b.

slaveowners' frequent use of the whip.

c.

the breeding of slaves.

d.

having to do the most dangerous work on the plantation.

e.

forcible sexual assault by slaveowners

A

Slaves fought the system of slavery in all of the following ways except by

a.

slowing down the work pace.

b.

conducting periodic successful slave rebellions.

c.

sabotaging expensive equipment.

d.

pilfering goods that their labor had produced.

e.

running away from their masters.

B

As a substitute for the wage-incentive system, slaveowners most often used the

a.

promise of eventual freedom.

b.

reward of some legal rights.

c.

right to hold private property.

d.

whip as a motivator.

e.

threat of death.

D

Slaves were denied an education because

a.

it would take time away from their work in the fields and households of white masters.

b.

the cost of education was far more than masters would want to spend on slaves.

c.

masters believed that reading brought new ideas that might lead to their discontent.

d.

their labor did not require literacy or math skills.

e.

masters feared their slaves might become smarter than white owners.

C

William Lloyd Garrison pledged his dedication to

a.

shipping freed blacks back to Africa.

b.

outlawing the slave trade.

c.

preventing the expansion of slavery beyond the South.

d.

forming an antislavery political party.

e.

the immediate abolition of slavery in the South.

E

Proslavery whites defended the institution of slavery in all of the following ways except

a.

they claimed slavery was supported by the Bible.

b.

slaveholders said slavery lifted Africans from the barbarism of the jungle and gave them Christian civilization.

c.

Slaveholders claimed that master-slave relationships resembled a family.

d.

they said that slaves toiled under better working conditions than factory workers and hired hands in the North.

e.

they claimed that slaves were set free once they reached old age

E

In arguing for the continuation of slavery after 1830, southerners

a.

placed themselves in opposition to much of the rest of the Western world.

b.

were in opposition to the North but on the side of the Western world.

c.

failed to compare slaves with the northern factory worker.

d.

allowed considerable dissent in the South.

e.

aligned themselves with leading European intellectuals.

A

Those in the North who opposed the abolitionists believed that these opponents of slavery

a.

were creating disorder in America.

b.

were defending the American way of life.

c.

deserved the right to speak freely.

d.

had turned their backs on religion.

e.

were undermining fundamental American beliefs.

A

The earliest known use of the term Manifest Destiny was by

a.

John Tyler.

b.

James K. Polk.

c.

Ralph Waldo Emerson.

d.

John L. O'Sullivan.

e.

Mark Twain.

D

The British-American dispute over the border of Maine was solved

a.

by the Third War for American Independence.

b.

by a compromise that gave each side some territory.

c.

when America was given all of the territory in question.

d.

by the Caroline incident.

e.

by admitting Maine into the Union and New Brunswick into Canada.

B

All of the following happened after President John Tyler's veto of a bill to establish a new Bank of the United States except

a.

he was expelled from the Whig party.

b.

all but one member of his cabinet resigned.

c.

an attempt was made in the House of Representatives to impeach him.

d.

Tyler also vetoed a Whig-sponsored high-tariff bill.

e.

he sent legislation to Congress for the creation of a National Bank.

E

Some people in Britain hoped for a British alliance with Texas because

a.

the alliance would help to support the Monroe Doctrine.

b.

this area would provide an excellent base from which to attack the United States.

c.

Mexican efforts to attack the United States would be stopped.

d.

Texas could become a location for the settlement of undesirable British emigrants.

e.

the alliance would give abolitionists the opportunity to free slaves in Texas.

E

One argument against annexing Texas to the United States was that the annexation

a.

could involve the country in a series of ruinous wars in America and Europe.

b.

might give more power to the supporters of slavery.

c.

was not supported by the people of Texas.

d.

offered little political or economic value to America.

e.

would lead to tensions and possible war with the British.

B

Texas was annexed to the United States as a result of

a.

Senate approval of the Treaty of Annexation.

b.

a joint resolution rather than a treaty.

c.

a presidential order by Andrew Jackson.

d.

the Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo.

e.

a compromise to admit free-state Iowa at the same time.

B

Most Americans who migrated to the Oregon Country were attracted by the

a.

rich soil of the Willamette River Valley.

b.

expectation of fighting British troops.

c.

potential profits in the fur trade.

d.

discovery of gold and silver in the Cascade Mountains.

e.

hope of finding a better trade route to East Asia.

A

The election of 1844 was notable because

a.

the campaign raised no real issues.

b.

a genuine and clear mandate emerged.

c.

it was fought over the issue of expansionism.

d.

Polk won the electoral vote but lost the popular vote.

e.

it brought the slavery issue into politics.

C

In the Oregon treaty with Britain in 1846, the northern boundary of the United States was established to the Pacific Ocean along the line of

a.

42°.

b.

52° 40'.

c.

54° 40'.

d.

36° 30'.

e.

49°.

E

When northwesterners questioned why all of Texas was annexed but not all of Oregon, the reply was

a.

Oregon was far more expensive.

b.

Oregon land was less desirable than that of Texas.

c.

Polk and his supporters in the Senate were far more interested in Texas as a bulwark for slavery.

d.

Great Britain was a far more powerful nation than Mexico.

e.

None of these

D

In his quest for California, President James K. Polk

a.

advocated war with Mexico from the beginning.

b.

argued strongly for annexation, because Americans were the most numerous people in the area.

c.

was motivated by his knowledge of gold deposits there.

d.

sought British help to persuade Mexico to sell the area to the United States.

e.

first advocated buying the area from Mexico.

E

In 1846, the United States went to war with Mexico for all of the following reasons except

a.

the ideology of Manifest Destiny.

b.

the deaths of American soldiers at the hands of Mexicans.

c.

the desire to gain payment for damage claims against the Mexican government.

d.

the impulse to satisfy those asking for spot resolutions.

e.

Polk's desire to acquire California.

D

President Polk's claim that "American blood [had been shed] on the American soil" referred to news of an armed clash between Mexican and American troops near

a.

San Francisco.

b.

the Nueces River.

c.

Santa Fe.

d.

the Rio Grande.

e.

San Antonio.

D

During the Mexican War, the Polk administration was called on several times to respond to spot resolutions, indicating where American blood had been shed to provoke the war. The resolutions were frequently introduced by

a.

Abraham Lincoln.

b.

Henry Clay.

c.

Robert Walker.

d.

David Wilmot.

e.

Lewis Cass.

A

The terms of the Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo, ending the Mexican War, included

a.

a guarantee of the rights of Mexicans living in New Mexico.

b.

United States annexation of all the territory south of the Rio Grande.

c.

the banning of slavery from all territory ceded to the United States.

d.

a requirement that Mexico pay $3.25 million in damages to the United States.

e.

United States payment of $15 million for the cession of northern Mexico.

E

Those people most opposed to President James K. Polk's expansionist program were the

a.

western Democrats.

b.

antislavery forces.

c.

Senate Democrats.

d.

supporters of Nicholas P. Trist.

e.

proslavery Whigs.

B

All of the following were legacies of the U.S. war with Mexico, except

a.

Mexicans have never forgotten that the U.S. tore away about half of their country.

b.

the war resulted in a negative turning point in U.S. relations with Latin America.

c.

it reinvigorated the slavery issue and debates about extending slavery.

d.

Latin America solidified their friendly relations with the U.S.

e.

roughly 13,000 American soldiers died, mostly from disease.

D

The Wilmot Proviso, introduced into Congress during the Mexican War, declared that

a.

Mexican territory would not be annexed to the United States.

b.

slavery would be banned from all territories that Mexico ceded to the United States.

c.

the United States should annex all of Mexico.

d.

the United States should have to pay Mexico a financial indemnity for having provoked the war.

e.

slavery in the territories would be determined by popular sovereignty.

B

The United States' victory in the Mexican War resulted in all of the following except

a.

renewed controversy over the issue of extending slavery into the territories.

b.

a possible split in the Whig and Democrat parties over slavery.

c.

the cession by Mexico of an enormous amount of land to the United States.

d.

a rush of settlers to new American territory in California.

e.

acquisition of the Oregon territory.

E

The Free Soil party of 1848 harbored many northerners who stood squarely against slavery in the territories primarily on the grounds that

a.

further expansion of slavery might break up the union.

b.

it destroyed the chances of free white workers to rise up from wage-earning dependence.

c.

slavery was a moral evil contrary to American principles.

d.

slave labor would be unproductive in the West.

e.

the southern fire-eaters were already planning further expansion into Central America.

B

According to the principle of popular sovereignty, the question of slavery in the territories would be determined by

a.

the most popular national leaders.

b.

a national referendum by the Electoral College.

c.

congressional legislation.

d.

a Supreme Court decision.

e.

the people in any given territory.

E

The event that threatened to destroy the longstanding balance of free and slave states in the United States Senate was the

a.

passage of the Kansas-Nebraska Act.

b.

potential admission of Oregon as a free state.

c.

attempt to acquire Cuba as a slave state.

d.

proposed building of a southern transcontinental railroad.

e.

discovery of gold in California and its bid for statehood.

E

The South grew increasingly worried about the future of slavery because

a.

it was unsuited to the West.

b.

the admission of California might permanently tip the political balance against them.

c.

the Supreme Court might issue rulings against slavery.

d.

President Taylor was the first president openly critical of slavery.

e.

popular sovereignty would almost certainly prevent the spread of slavery.

B

By 1850, the South was losing perhaps ____ runaways a year out of its total of some 4 million slaves.

a.

200

b.

500

c.

800

d.

1,000

e.

2,000

D

Daniel Webster's famed Seventh of March speech in 1850 resulted in

a.

the celebration of Webster as an antislavery leader.

b.

visibly strengthened Union sentiment and especially pleased northern banking and commercial centers.

c.

condemnation by northern commercial interests.

d.

charges that he had accepted bribes from proslavery interests.

e.

a movement to draft him for the presidency.

B

The most alarming aspect of the Compromise of 1850 to northerners was the decision concerning

a.

slavery in the District of Columbia.

b.

slavery in the New Mexico and Utah territories.

c.

the new Fugitive Slave Law.

d.

settlement of the Texas-New Mexico boundary dispute.

e.

continuation of the interstate slave trade.

C

Many northern states passed personal liberty laws in response to the Compromise of 1850's provision regarding

a.

slavery in the District of Columbia.

b.

slavery in the territories.

c.

restrictions on free blacks.

d.

the interstate slave trade.

e.

runaway slaves.

E

The man who opened Japan to the United States was

a.

William Walker.

b.

Franklin Pierce.

c.

Lafcadio Hearn.

d.

Clayton Bulwer.

e.

Matthew Perry.

E

The primary objective of Manifest Destiny expansionists in the 1850s was

a.

Panama.

b.

Nicaragua.

c.

Cuba.

d.

Hawaii.

e.

the Dominican Republic.

C

On July 3, 1844, the first formal diplomatic agreement between the United States and China was the

a.

Ostend Manifesto.

b.

Clayton-Bulwer Treaty.

c.

Chinese Open-Door Treaty.

d.

Treaty of Wanghia.

e.

Hong Kong/Chinese Treaty.

D

Stephen A. Douglas proposed that the question of slavery in the Kansas-Nebraska Territory be decided by

a.

popular sovereignty.

b.

making Kansas a free territory and Nebraska a slave territory.

c.

the Supreme Court.

d.

admitting California, Kansas, and Nebraska to the Union as free states.

e.

the winner of the next presidential election.

A

Stephen A. Douglas's plans for deciding the slavery question in the Kansas-Nebraska scheme required repeal of the

a.

Compromise of 1850.

b.

Fugitive Slave Act.

c.

Wilmot Proviso.

d.

Northwest Ordinance.

e.

Missouri Compromise.

E

In 1857, the Supreme Court ruled in the Dred Scott decision that

a.

slavery was inconsistent with the constitution and must be abolished.

b.

protection of slavery was guaranteed in all the territories of the West.

c.

slavery would be constitutional only in those areas that were already slave territories.

d.

abolition of slavery would be done only in those areas in which it is already abolished.

e.

slavery was constitutional, but the slave trade was unconstitutional.

B

As a result of reading Uncle Tom's Cabin, many northerners

a.

found the book's portrayal of slavery too extreme.

b.

vowed to halt British and French efforts to help the Confederacy.

c.

rejected Hinton Helper's picture of the South and slavery.

d.

would have nothing to do with the enforcement of the Fugitive Slave Law.

e.

sent guns to antislavery settlers in Kansas ("Beecher's Bibles").

D

The issue of runaway slaves was important because

a.

the South was losing a significant portion of its labor force.

b.

the Underground Railroad might encourage a slave rebellion.

c.

the loss of property was significant, but the loss of honor was felt more.

d.

escaped slaves might establish free colonies in the West.

e.

free blacks demonstrated that the racist theory of slavery was wrong.

C

The Aroostook War was

a.

a short-lived insurrection in British Canada.

b.

a battle between Native Americans and settlers in northern Maine.

c.

a full-scale war between Britain and the United States.

d.

a small-scale clash between lumberjacks in Maine and Canada

e.

a dispute over fishing rights between Britain and the United States.

D

The idea of recolonizing blacks back to Africa was

a.

proposed by William Lloyd Garrison.

b.

proposed as part of the Fourteenth Amendment.

c.

advocated by Frederick Douglass.

d.

suggested by the African nation of Liberia.

e.

supported by the black leader Martin Delaney.

E

Hinton R. Helper's book, The Impending Crisis of the South, argued that those who suffered most from slave labor were

a.

African Americans.

b.

southern planters.

c.

northern Republican abolitionists.

d.

western farmers.

e.

nonslaveholding southern whites.

E

In 1855, proslavery southerners regarded Kansas as

a.

territory governed by the Missouri Compromise.

b.

slave territory.

c.

geographically unsuitable for slavery.

d.

too close to free states for slavery to be practical.

e.

a test for slavery in wheat-growing areas.

B

The Lecompton Constitution was written so that Kansas

a.

could enter the Union as either a slave state or a free state.

b.

would hold a popular referendum on slavery after admission to the Union.

c.

would permit temporary residents like the abolitionists and border ruffians to vote.

d.

would allow slavery but prohibit the slave trade.

e.

would continue to permit slavery in some form.

E

The situation in Kansas in the mid-1850s indicated the impracticality of ____ in the territories.

a.

abolitionism

b.

free soil

c.

popular sovereignty

d.

slavery

e.

cotton growing

C

The clash between Preston S. Brooks and Charles Sumner revealed

a.

the seriousness of political divisions in the North.

b.

the importance of honor to northerners.

c.

despite divisions over slavery, the House of Representatives would unite to expel a member for bad conduct.

d.

passions over slavery were becoming dangerously inflamed in both North and South.

e.

the division between the House and the Senate over slavery.

D

The central plank of the Know-Nothing party in the 1856 election was

a.

popular sovereignty.

b.

expansionism.

c.

proslavery.

d.

abolitionism.

e.

nativism.

E

The Republicans lost the 1856 election in part because of

a.

southern threats that a Republican victory would be a declaration of war.

b.

lingering support for slavery in the North.

c.

northern bullyism.

d.

the North's unwillingness at this stage to let the South depart in peace.

e.

the division between Democrats and Know-Nothings.

A

The panic of 1857

a.

was caused by overexportation of southern cotton.

b.

hit hardest among grain growers of the Northwest.

c.

finally brought southern congressmen to support free homesteads.

d.

stimulated northern demands for lower tariff rates.

e.

demonstrated the economic dominance of the North.

B

As a result of the Lincoln-Douglas debates

a.

Lincoln was elected to the Senate.

b.

Lincoln's national stature was diminished.

c.

Douglas increased his chances of winning the presidency.

d.

Illinois rejected the concept of popular sovereignty.

e.

Douglas defeated Lincoln for the Senate.E

E

Stephen A. Douglas argued, in his Freeport Doctrine, during the Lincoln-Douglas debates that

a.

the Dred Scott decision was unconstitutional.

b.

slavery would stay down if the people voted it down no matter what the Supreme Court said.

c.

no matter what the people wanted, the Supreme Court was law.

d.

Congress should reopen the Atlantic slave trade.

e.

a new version of the Missouri Compromise was needed.

B

In his raid on Harpers Ferry, John Brown intended to

a.

call upon the slaves to rise and establish a black free state.

b.

arouse the South to secede from the Union.

c.

stir West Virginia to break away from Virginia as a free state.

d.

demonstrate that blacks could fight for their freedom.

e.

seize weapons to start a guerrilla war against the federal government.

A

When Abraham Lincoln won the 1860 presidential election, people in South Carolina

a.

waited to see how other southern states would act.

b.

were very upset because they would have to secede from the Union.

c.

vowed to give their loyalty to Stephen Douglas.

d.

rejoiced because it gave them an excuse to secede.

e.

accepted the democratic process and vowed to support Lincoln.

D

Abraham Lincoln opposed the Crittenden Compromise because

a.

it allowed the doctrine of popular sovereignty to be overridden once statehood was achieved.

b.

it permitted slavery in the Utah territory.

c.

its adoption might provoke Kentucky to leave the Union.

d.

he felt bound by President Buchanan's earlier rejection of it.

e.

he had been elected on a platform that opposed the extension of slavery.

E

As a result of the introduction of the cotton gin

a.

fewer slaves were needed on the plantations.

b.

short-staple cotton lost popularity.

c.

slavery was reinvigorated.

d.

Thomas Jefferson predicted the gradual death of slavery.

e.

the African slave trade was legalized.

C

The European great powers welcomed a civil war in the United States for all of the following reasons except

a.

war would weaken the power of the United States in the western hemisphere.

b.

a divided America would likely put a halt to European immigration.

c.

they could play the two nations off against one another in a game of balance of power.

d.

their existing colonies would be safe against further American expansion.

e.

they might more readily seize new colonial territory in the Americas.

B

President Lincoln's decision on what to do about the situation at Fort Sumter in the first weeks of his administration can best be characterized as

a.

ill thought out.

b.

rash and hotheaded.

c.

the only possible option.

d.

a strategic blunder.

e.

a middle of the road solution.

E

In order to persuade the Border States to remain in the Union, President Lincoln

a.

relied solely on moral appeal.

b.

used only totally legal methods.

c.

guaranteed that they could keep slavery permanently.

d.

never had to use troops.

e.

used legally dubious methods.

E

The Border States offered all of the following advantages except

a.

a large population.

b.

a good supply of horses and mules.

c.

valuable manufacturing capacity.

d.

shipbuilding facilities.

e.

large navigable rivers.

D

The Cherokees' decision on whether to side with the North or South during the Civil War was based on

a.

Northern reservation policies.

b.

the fact that the tribe also owned slaves.

c.

promises by the Lincoln administration to continue making payments to the tribe.

d.

the invitation by Union leaders to send tribal delegates to Congress.

e.

the offer of a large cash payment in return for military support.

B

To achieve its independence, the Confederacy had to

a.

invade the Union.

b.

win a decisive military victory on its own soil.

c.

fight the invading Union army to a draw.

d.

attract more talented military commanders.

e.

capture Washington, D.C.

C

Of all the hardships faced by the soldiers during the Civil War, the greatest was

a.

starvation.

b.

disease.

c.

decline of moral standards.

d.

lack of proper clothing.

e.

constant fighting.

B

Most working people in Britain sided with the North because

a.

they relied on the Northern economy for their own jobs.

b.

the North shared their feelings about whether Britain should enter the war.

c.

they had been moved by Uncle Tom's Cabin to want the end of slavery

d.

they hoped to one day have the opportunity to relocate to and profit in the U.S.

e.

France had sided with the South and they hated the French.

C

During the Civil War, Britain and the United States were nearly provoked into war by

a.

the incompetence of Charles Francis Adams, the United States ambassador to London.

b.

Britain's refusal to observe the Union's blockade of Southern ports.

c.

the Trent affair, involving the removal of Southern diplomats from a British ship.

d.

Napoleon III's effort to place Maximilian on the Mexican throne.

e.

British working-class support for the South.

C

The Southern cause was weakened by

a.

the concept of states' rights that the Confederacy professed.

b.

a president, Jefferson Davis, who catered to public opinion and did not work hard at his job.

c.

the failure of the Southern people to commit to the ideal of Southern independence.

d.

a lack of sound military leadership.

e.

the constant threat of slave rebellion.

A

In Lincoln's attempts to preserve the Union, he did all of the following questionable actions as president except

a.

proclaimed a blockade of the Southern ports.

b.

increased the size of the federal army.

c.

suspended the writ of habeas corpus.

d.

advanced federal funds to private citizens without authorization.

e.

refused to implement a draft, or conscription law, during the war.

E

As a result of the Civil War, the Northern economy

a.

became more dependent on international trade.

b.

saw industrial profits improve but agricultural profits fall.

c.

was notable for its honest and fair business practices.

d.

experienced considerable unemployment despite military manpower demands.

e.

greatly expanded its industrial and technological productivity.

E

The Civil War was a women's war in all of the following ways except

a.

as men left for war, women gained new job opportunities in government.

b.

military demand for shoes and clothing drew women into industrial employment.

c.

women were encouraged to run for office to fill political posts abandoned by men.

d.

women aided men on the battlefront as spies or by posing as male soldiers

e.

women were able to professionalize nursing.

C

Despite the war, 300,000 people migrated to the West, lured mainly by

a.

the prospect of free land under the Homestead Act.

b.

the ability to push Indians off their land without government interference.

c.

the opportunity to flee from federal draft laws.

d.

the hope of fleeing slavery.

e.

None of these

A

Lincoln hoped that a Union victory at Bull Run would

a.

lead to the capture of the Confederate capital at Richmond.

b.

bring an end to slavery.

c.

destroy the economy of the South.

d.

pull the Border states out of the Confederacy.

e.

All of these

A

The Union's defeat in battle at Bull Run in 1861 was better than a victory because

a.

Ulysses S. Grant took command of the army immediately after the setback.

b.

the defeat caused Northerners to face up to the reality of a long, difficult war.

c.

"Stonewall" Jackson was killed.

d.

it caused Lincoln to declare a war against slavery.

e.

it allowed European powers the chance to intervene on behalf of the South.

B

George B. McClellan, commander of the Army of the Potomac, is best described as

a.

disliked by his own men.

b.

aggressive.

c.

overly cautious.

d.

poorly prepared for military leadership.

e.

poorly organized.

C

A victory at Antietam probably would have won Confederate independence because

a.

the Union armies were already heavily demoralized.

b.

France and Britain were on the verge of recognizing the Confederate government.

c.

the Republicans would have lost the subsequent congressional elections.

d.

Lincoln would have been unable to issue the Emancipation Proclamation.

e.

the Border States would have joined the Confederacy.

B

African Americans who fought for the Union Army in the Civil War

a.

carried out reprisals against captured slaveowners.

b.

served mainly in military support units.

c.

served bravely and suffered extremely heavy casualties.

d.

accounted for less than 1 percent of total Union enlistments.

e.

refused to serve under white officers.

C

At the end of the Civil War, many white Southerners

a.

reluctantly supported the federal government.

b.

were ready to plan a future uprising against the United States.

c.

declared themselves citizens of their states but not of the United States.

d.

asked for pardons so that they could once again hold political office and vote.

e.

still believed that their view of secession was correct and their cause was just.

E

Freedom for Southern blacks at the end of the Civil War

a.

occurred immediately with the Emancipation Proclamation.

b.

caused large numbers to migrate to the big cities in the North.

c.

came haltingly and unevenly in different parts of the conquered Confederacy.

d.

was achieved without the use of Union soldiers.

e.

was a source of considerable anxiety.

C

From 1878 to 1880, some twenty-five thousand blacks from Louisiana, Texas, and Mississippi were known as the Exodusters; they were

a.

black church leaders who linked emancipation to the Book of Exodus.

b.

black migrants from the South to Northern cities.

c.

black freedman who left the South to seek opportunity in Kansas.

d.

a political organization developed by the freedmen.

e.

black homesteaders in Oklahoma and Kansas who eventually fled the dust bowl.

C

The greatest achievements of the Freedmen's Bureau were in

a.

providing "forty acres and a mule" to freed blacks.

b.

education.

c.

the provision of food and clothing.

d.

helping people to find employment.

e.

securing black civil rights.

B

In his 10 percent plan for Reconstruction, President Lincoln promised

a.

rapid readmission of Southern states into the Union.

b.

former slaves the right to vote.

c.

the restoration of the planter aristocracy to political power.

d.

severe punishment of Southern political and military leaders.

e.

a plan to allow 10 percent of blacks to vote.

A

____ believed that the Southern states had completely left the Union and were therefore, "conquered provinces" that had to seek readmission on whatever terms Congress demanded.

a.

War Democrats

b.

The Supreme Court

c.

President Lincoln

d.

President Johnson

e.

Congressional Republicans

E

President Johnson's plan for Reconstruction

a.

differed radically from Lincoln's.

b.

guaranteed former slaves the right to vote.

c.

required that all former Confederate states ratify the Fourteenth Amendment.

d.

established literacy tests for voting in the South.

e.

aimed at swift restoration of the southern states after a few basic conditions were met.

E

All of the following are true statements about the Black Codes except

a.

blacks were forced to work under labor contracts for little money for one year.

b.

blacks who fled their employers could be dragged back to work by a paid "Negro-catcher."

c.

they restricted the conditions under which blacks could legally marry.

d.

blacks who fled could be made to forfeit back wages or hired out to pay their fines.

e.

they were designed to reproduce the master-slave relationship after slavery was abolished.

C

To many Northerners, the Black Codes seemed to indicate that

a.

it would take some time to reconcile the South and the North.

b.

the transition to black freedom would be difficult.

c.

the Civil War had been worth the sacrifice.

d.

presidential Reconstruction was working.

e.

the arrogant South was acting as if the North had not really won the Civil War.

E

The Fourteenth Amendment guaranteed

a.

citizenship and civil rights to freed slaves.

b.

land for former slaves.

c.

voting rights for former Confederates who had previously served in the U.S. Army.

d.

freed slaves the right to vote.

e.

education to former slaves.

A

Radical congressional Reconstruction of the South finally ended when

a.

the South accepted the Thirteenth, Fourteenth, and Fifteenth Amendments.

b.

the last federal troops were removed in 1877.

c.

President Johnson was not reelected in 1868.

d.

the Supreme Court ruled in Ex parte Milligan that military tribunals could not try civilians.

e.

blacks showed they could defend their rights without federal intervention.

B

A primary motive for the formation of the Ku Klux Klan was

a.

hostility to the growing practice of interracial sex.

b.

anger at the corruption in Reconstruction legislatures.

c.

the southern desire to instigate guerrilla warfare against the occupying U.S. Army.

d.

the sense of brotherhood that a secret society could develop.

e.

white resentment of the ability and success of black legislators.

E

Even though the Force Acts and the Union Army helped suppress the Ku Klux Klan, the secret organization largely achieved its central goal of

a.

driving the Union Army out of the South.

b.

preventing blacks from migrating to the West or North.

c.

keeping white carpetbaggers from voting.

d.

intimidating blacks and undermining them politically.

e.

destroying the Freedmen's Bureau.

D

The official charge that the House of Representatives used to impeach President Johnson was his

a.

highly partisan "swing around the circle" in 1866.

b.

readmission of Southern states without seriously reconstructing them.

c.

dismissal of Secretary of War Stanton contrary to the Tenure of Office Act.

d.

apparent sympathy with the Ku Klux Klan.

e.

veto of the Freedmen's Bureau bill.

C

In 1867, Secretary of State Seward achieved the Johnson administration's greatest success in foreign relations when he

a.

commissioned the building of an all-new ironclad navy.

b.

recognized the independent republic of Hawaii.

c.

purchased Alaska from Russia.

d.

acquired the former Dominican Republic as an American territory.

e.

established friendly relations with the newly independent Dominion of Canada.

C

Reconstruction might have been more successful if

a.

Andrew Johnson had won reelection in 1868.

b.

the U.S. army had more quickly suppressed the Ku Klux Klan.

c.

control of the South had been returned to Southerners much sooner.

d.

the federal government had not tampered with property rights.

e.

Thaddeus Stevens's radical program of drastic economic reforms and stronger protection of political rights had been enacted

E