Question: Define the hierarchical levels of organization in living systems.

Answer:

• Cells, tissues, organs, organ systems, and organisms in hierarchical order from smallest to largest and less complex to more complex.

Question: Explain the difference between biotic and abiotic factors in the environment.

Answer:

• Biotic factors: Alive, were alive, or came from something alive.
• Abiotic factors: Not alive, were not alive, and did not come from anything alive.

Question: What is the significance of cells in living organisms, and how are they organized in multicellular organisms?

Answer:

• Significance: Basic units of structure and function.
• Organization: Cells of the same type form tissues, which combine to form organs, then organ systems, and finally, the organism.

Question: Explain the two types of reproduction and provide examples.

Answer:

• Sexual reproduction: Involves two parents (e.g., humans).
• Asexual reproduction: Single parent, organism makes a copy of itself (e.g., yeast, some plants).

Question: How do living things acquire and use energy, and provide examples?

Answer:

• Plants: Perform photosynthesis to get energy from the sun.
• Animals: Consume plants or other animals to obtain energy for life processes.

Question: Differentiate between growth and development in living organisms.

Answer:

• Growth: Getting bigger.
• Development: Changing the organization of the organism.

Question: According to Dr. Kuhl, what is crucial for life?

Answer: Water.

Question: Name the six common elements found in living organisms.

Answer: Hydrogen, carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, phosphorous, sulfur.

Question: What is the difference between living and non-living things?

Answer: Living things perform life functions, while non-living things are not alive and do not come from anything alive.

Question: Define matter.

Answer: Anything that has mass and takes up space.

Question: What is the basic unit of an element?

Answer: Atom.

Question: Describe the structure of an atom.

Answer: Nucleus (containing protons and neutrons) and electrons orbiting the nucleus.

Question: What is the periodic table of elements?

Answer: An organized table of elements based on their atomic number.

Question: Why are safety data sheets important in the lab?

Answer: They provide information on the physical and chemical properties of compounds and safety precautions.

Question: Name three elements mentioned in the flashcard set.

Answer: Hydrogen, carbon, nitrogen.

Question: What does ATP stand for, and what is its role?

Answer: Adenosine triphosphate; it is the universal battery that powers cellular processes.

Question: What is the main component of the Earth's atmosphere?

Answer: Nitrogen.

Question: Give an example of a compound mentioned in the flashcard set.

Answer: Sodium chloride (table salt).

Question: Why is sulfur considered malodorous?

Answer: It forms part of proteins in skin, hair, and feathers, giving a characteristic smell when burned.

Question: What is the emphasis in the summary section?

Answer: Recap of the six fundamental elements in living organisms.

Question: According to Dr. Kuhl, what percentage of the atmosphere is nitrogen?

Answer: 79%.

Question: What is the purpose of Material Safety Data Sheets in the lab?

Answer: They provide information on the properties of compounds and safety guidelines for handling them.

Question: What analogy is used to explain compounds in the flashcard set?

Answer: Baking, with flour representing elements combining to form compounds.

Question: What is the periodic table organized by?

Answer: Atomic number.

Question: According to Section 1, what are the principal sources of carbohydrates?

Answer: Fruits and vegetables.

Question: Name the four major macromolecules discussed in Section 2.

Answer: Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids.

Question: What is the definition of monosaccharides?

Answer: Single sugar rings, such as glucose.

Question: Provide an example of a disaccharide discussed in the lesson.

Answer: Sucrose, found in sugar bowls, composed of glucose and fructose.

Question: What are the two principal functions of carbohydrates, as mentioned in Section 6?

Answer: Energy storage/supply and structural support in organisms.

Question: Name two examples of structural carbohydrates and their respective sources.

Answer: Cellulose (found in plants, especially trees) and chitin (found in animals with exoskeletons).

Question: What hormones regulate blood sugar levels, and what are their roles?

Answer: Insulin converts sugar to glycogen; glucagon converts glycogen back to sugar.

Question: According to the lesson, what percentage of daily calories should come from carbohydrates?

Answer: Between 45% and 65%.

Question: What are the principal functions of carbohydrates summarized in Section 1?

Answer: Crucial for energy storage/supply, with some contributing to organism structure.

Question: What process is involved in making macromolecules from smaller units?

Answer: Polymerization, where monomers are knit together to form polymers.

Question: Name three examples of monosaccharides.

Answer: Glucose, galactose, and fructose.

Question: What is the composition of the disaccharide sucrose?

Answer: It is composed of one molecule of glucose and one molecule of fructose.

Question: Provide examples of polysaccharides discussed in the lesson.

Answer: Starch (found in grains, potatoes, bread), glycogen (animal starch in muscles and liver), and cellulose (found in plant structures).

Question: Name the two hormones involved in blood sugar regulation.

Answer: Insulin and glucagon.

Question: What does the lesson recommend regarding carbohydrate intake in the diet?

Answer: Carbohydrates should constitute between 45% and 65% of daily calories, and whole grains are preferred over processed foods and simple sugars.

Question: Summarize the main functions of carbohydrates discussed in Section 6.

Answer: Principal functions are energy storage/supply and structural support in organisms. Monosaccharides and disaccharides provide quick energy, while polysaccharides offer long-term energy.

Question: Name the four types of macromolecules discussed in Section 1.

Answer: Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids.

Question: What are lipids primarily composed of?

Answer: Carbon and hydrogen.

Question: Name the four types of lipids discussed.

Answer: Fats, phospholipids, waxes, steroids.

Question: What distinguishes saturated fats from unsaturated fats?

Answer: Saturated fats have single bonds and are solid at room temperature, while unsaturated fats have double bonds and are liquid at room temperature.

Question: Why are saturated fats associated with health issues?

Answer: They are linked to cardiovascular diseases and diabetes.

Question: What is the primary function of phospholipids?

Answer: They are a crucial component of cell membranes.

Question: What do waxes in plants protect against?

Answer: Water loss, pathogens, and ultraviolet radiation.

Question: What is the primary function of fat cells?

Answer: Long-term energy storage, insulation, and cushioning.

Question: What is the main function of steroids in organisms?

Answer: They serve as hormone precursors and contribute to membrane structure.

Question: What is the main topic of the lesson?

Answer: The structures and functions of lipids in living organisms.

Question: Name the four categories of lipids discussed in the lesson.

Answer: Fats, phospholipids, waxes, steroids.

Question: What is the principal role of DNA?

Answer: DNA contains the genetic code, providing instructions for the structures and functions in the body.

Question: Name the four classes of macromolecules.

Answer: Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids.

Question: What is the principal job of carbohydrates?

Answer: Carbohydrates store and deliver energy and, in some cases, contribute to the structural support of an organism.

Question: What is the function of lipids in the body?

Answer: Lipids, including fats, play a role in various cellular functions and contribute to structural components in the body.

Question: How did Gerardus Mulder contribute to the understanding of proteins?

Answer: Mulder analyzed substances like egg white and identified carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen as the basic components of proteins.

Question: What is the unit, or monomer, of proteins?

Answer: Amino acids are the monomers that make up proteins.

Question: What gives each amino acid its unique identity?

Answer: The R group, also called the side chain, is what gives each amino acid its distinct identity.

Question: What is the role of enzymes in the body?

Answer: Enzymes, a class of proteins, regulate various cellular processes in the body.

Question: Name the two scientists credited with the discovery of the double helix structure of DNA.

Answer: Watson and Crick, with essential contributions from Rosalind Franklin.

Question: Define the term "essential" in the context of amino acids.

Answer: Essential amino acids cannot be synthesized by the body and must be obtained through the diet.

Question: What is the structural difference between RNA and DNA?

Answer: RNA is typically a single strand, while DNA is a double helix composed of two strands.

Question: How do DNA instructions get turned into proteins in a cell?

Answer: DNA is transcribed into RNA in the nucleus, and then the RNA is translated into proteins in the cell.

Question: What role do genes play in protein synthesis?

Answer: Genes contain instructions for manufacturing proteins, which are crucial for various functions in the body.

Question: Why is it important to understand genetics in the context of diseases like breast cancer?

Answer: Understanding genetics allows for the identification of gene mutations that may contribute to diseases, enabling informed decision-making and potential intervention.

Question: What are the key components of nucleotides in nucleic acids?

Answer: Nucleotides consist of a phosphate group, a five-carbon sugar, and a nitrogenous base.

Question: How many amino acids make up proteins in the human body?

Answer: There are 20 amino acids, with 10 being essential and must be obtained through the diet.

What is a catalyst, and what role do they play in chemical reactions?

A catalyst is a substance that accelerates chemical reactions by providing a shortcut for the reaction to occur faster. Catalysts do not participate in the reaction and are not used up in the process.

In biochemical reactions, what is the role of enzymes?

Enzymes, a type of catalyst, provide a shortcut for biochemical reactions in living organisms. They accelerate reactions by lowering the activation energy required for the reaction to proceed.

Describe the lock and key analogy in relation to enzymes.

Enzymes have an active site with a specific shape, akin to a lock. The substrate (reactant) fits into this active site like a key, forming an enzyme-substrate complex that facilitates the reaction.

What factors influence the rate of chemical reactions, and how do they affect the reaction?

Factors influencing reaction rates include the concentration of reactants, temperature, pressure (for gases), pH, and catalysts. These factors impact how quickly reactants transform into products.

Explain the role of activation energy in chemical reactions.

Activation energy is the energy required to start a chemical reaction. It acts as a barrier that must be overcome for the reaction to proceed. Catalysts, including enzymes, reduce this activation energy.

Provide an example of catalysis in a living system and the enzyme involved.

An example is the reaction of carbon dioxide and water to form carbonic acid in organisms with blood. The enzyme carbonic anhydrase accelerates this reaction 10 million times.

Why is lactose intolerance mentioned in the context of enzymes?

Lactose intolerance is an example of an enzyme deficiency. The enzyme lactase, needed to digest lactose in milk, is insufficient, leading to undigested lactose causing digestive issues.

What is the main difference between exothermic and endothermic reactions?

Exothermic reactions release heat or energy, while endothermic reactions absorb heat or energy.

How do enzymes impact biochemical reactions in living systems?

Enzymes, as catalysts, speed up biochemical reactions in living systems by lowering the activation energy required for the reactions to occur. Each enzyme is specific to one biochemical reaction.

In summary, what is the primary role of enzymes in chemical reactions?

Enzymes, as catalysts, accelerate chemical reactions by lowering the activation energy required for the reaction to proceed. They play a crucial role in facilitating biochemical reactions in living organisms.

Question: What is the main focus of the lab described in the warm-up?

Answer: The lab focuses on identifying nutrients through a forensic investigation of a messy desk in the classroom.

Question: List the lunch orders mentioned in the warm-up.

Answer: Chris (jelly sandwich), Zach (tofu), Nicole (salad with vinegar and oil dressing), Abigail (pasta).

Question: Why does the teacher suspect Zach in the warm-up?

Answer: The teacher suspects Zach because he has a history of leaving messes in the classroom.

Question: What macromolecule primarily makes up tofu (Zach's lunch)?

Answer: Proteins.

Question: Which macromolecule is found in the oil of Nicole's salad dressing?

Answer: Lipids.

Question: What type of carbohydrate is present in Chris's jelly sandwich?

Answer: Monosaccharide (fructose).

Question: What macromolecule is present in Abigail's pasta?

Answer: Polysaccharide (starch).

Question: In the testing procedure, what does the Biuret reagent indicate in the protein test?

Answer: It turns pink or purple in the presence of proteins.

Question: What color does Sudan Red turn in the lipid test, and why might there be a red layer?

Answer: Sudan Red turns red in the presence of lipids, and a red layer appears because lipids are less dense than water.

Question: What does Benedict's solution indicate in the monosaccharide test?

Answer: It turns red in the presence of monosaccharides.

Question: What is used as a positive control in the lipid test, and what is expected to happen?

Answer: Vegetable oil is the positive control, and it should show a floating red layer.

Question: What safety precautions are emphasized in the lab, especially when using hot water?

Answer: Goggles and lab coat/apron must be worn, caution with hot water bath (use tongs), and report accidents and spills.

Question: Why is qualitative data important in the data collection process?

Answer: Qualitative data is crucial as it involves describing what is observed and is used in the absence of numerical values.

Question: What instrument is used for precision in loading different test tubes in the lab?

Answer: Graduated pipette.

Question: What should be done after each test in the lab, and why is it important?

Answer: Write conclusions after each test to remember observations and compare results, aiding in identifying the mystery food.