front 1 cognition | back 1 all the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating |
front 2 concept | back 2 a mental grouping of similar objects, events, ideas, or people |
front 3 prototype | back 3 a mental image or best example of a category. Matching new items to a prototype provides a quick and easy method for sorting items into categories (as when comparing feathered creatures to a prototypical bird, such as a robin) |
front 4 algorithm | back 4 a methodical, logical rule or procedure that guarantees solving a particular problem. Contrasts with the usually speedier- but also more error-prone- use of heuristics |
front 5 heuristic | back 5 a simple thinking strategy that often allows us to make judgments and solve problems efficiently; usually speedier but also more error-prone than algorithms |
front 6 insight | back 6 a sudden and often novel realization of the solution to a problem; it contrasts with strategy-based solutions |
front 7 confirmation bias | back 7 a tendency to search for information that supports our preconceptions and to ignore or distort contradictory evidence |
front 8 fixation | back 8 the inability to see a problem from a new perspective, by employing a different mental set |
front 9 mental set | back 9 a tendency to approach a problem in one particular way, often a way that has been successful in the past |
front 10 intuition | back 10 an effortless, immediate, automatic feeling or though, as contrasted with explicit, conscious reasoning |
front 11 representativeness heuristic | back 11 estimating the likelihood of events in terms of how well they seem to represent, or match, particular prototypes; may lead us to ignore other relevant information |
front 12 availability heuristic | back 12 estimating the likelihood of events based on their availability in memory; if instances come readily to mind (perhaps because of their vividness), we presume such events are common |
front 13 overconfidence | back 13 the tendency to be more confident than correct- to overestimate the accuracy of our beliefs and judgments |
front 14 belief perseverance | back 14 clinging to one's initial conceptions after the basis on which they were formed has been discredited |
front 15 framing | back 15 the way an issue is posed; how an issue is framed can significantly affect decisions and judgments |
front 16 creativity | back 16 the ability to produce novel and valuable ideas |
front 17 convergent thinking | back 17 narrowing the available problem solutions to determine the single best solution |
front 18 divergent thinking | back 18 expanding the number of possible problem solutions; creative thinking that diverges in different directions |