front 1 memory | back 1 the persistence of learning over time through the storage and retrieval of information |
front 2 recall | back 2 a measure of memory in which the person must retrieve information learned earlier, as on a fill-in-the-blank test |
front 3 recognition | back 3 a measure of memory in which the person need only identify items previously learned, as on a multiple-choice test |
front 4 relearning | back 4 a memory measure that assesses the amount of time saved when learning material for a second time |
front 5 encoding | back 5 the processing of information into the memory system- for example, by extracting meaning |
front 6 storage | back 6 the retention of encoded information over time |
front 7 retrieval | back 7 the process of getting information out of memory storage |
front 8 parallel processing | back 8 the processing of many aspects of a problem simultaneously; the brain’s natural mode of information processing for many functions, including vision. Contrasts with the step-by-step (serial) processing of most computers and of conscious problem solving |
front 9 sensory memory | back 9 the immediate, very brief recording of sensory information in the memory system |
front 10 short-term memory | back 10 activated memory that holds a few items briefly, such as the seven digits of a phone number while dialing, before the information is stored or forgotten |
front 11 long-term memory | back 11 the relatively permanent and limitless storehouse of the memory system. Includes knowledge, skills, and experiences |
front 12 working memory | back 12 a newer understanding of short-term memory that focuses on conscious, active processing of incoming auditory and visual-spatial information, and of information retrieved from long-term memory |
front 13 explicit memory | back 13 memory of facts and experiences that one can consciously know and "declare" (Also called declarative memory) |
front 14 effortful processing | back 14 encoding that requires attention and conscious effort |
front 15 automatic processing | back 15 unconscious encoding of incidental information, such as space, time, and frequency, and of well-learned-information, such as word meanings |
front 16 implicit memory | back 16 retention independent of conscious recollection (Also called nondeclarative memory) |
front 17 iconic memory | back 17 a momentary sensory memory of visual stimuli; a photographic or picture-image memory lasting no more than a few tenths of a second |
front 18 echoic memory | back 18 a momentary sensory memory of auditory stimuli; if attention is elsewhere, sounds and words can still be recalled within 3 or 4 seconds |
front 19 chunking | back 19 organizing items into familiar, manageable units; often occurs automatically |
front 20 mnemonics | back 20 memory aids, especially those techniques that use vivid imagery and organizational devices |
front 21 spacing effect | back 21 the tendency for distributed study or practice to yield better long-term retention than is achieved through massed study or practice |
front 22 testing effect | back 22 enhanced memory after retrieving, rather than simply rereading, information. Also referred to as a retrieval practice effect or test-enhanced learning |
front 23 shallow processing | back 23 encoding on a basic level, based on the structure or appearance of words |
front 24 deep processing | back 24 encoding semantically, based on the meaning of the words; tends to yield the best retention |