front 1 Movement of Lymph | back 1 1. Moves by contraction of skeletal muscles 2. Semi-lunar valves stop back flow of lymph 3. Gravity causes lymph to flow downwards |
front 2 Functions of Lymphatic system | back 2 1. Returns excess tissue fluid to blood 2. Transports lipids (Fatty acids + Glycerol) + Fat-soluble vitamins that are absorbed from small intestine 3. Defence against disease. Part of human defence system. Lymph nodes filter bacteria. Lymphocytes mature here |
front 3 The Lymphatic System Structure | back 3 1. Lymphatic system consists of lymphatic vessels flowing alongside veins 2. Vessels return lymph through thoracic + lymphatic ducts to blood system at subclavian veins near superior vena cava under the clavicles 3. Swellings along lymphatic vessels called lymph nodes are found at tonsils, spleen, neck, groin and armpits 4. Trap micro-organisms during infection. Lymphocytes develop here |
front 4 Tissue fluid | back 4 1. Blood plasma leaks out at end of capillaries due to thin walls + high pressure 2. Tissue fluid surrounds every body cell. Substances are exchanged between tissue fluid + cells 3. Red and white blood cells, platelets + large proteins are too big to leave capillary. They stay in blood 4. Tissue fluid returns to blood 5. Excess tissue fluid drains into lymphatic vessels forming lymph |
front 5 Four types of fluids | back 5 1. Plasma 2. Serum 3. Tissue fluid 4. Lymph |
front 6 Plasma | back 6 Liquid part of blood. Contains blood cells + proteins |
front 7 Serum | back 7 Plasma with blood clotting proteins removed |
front 8 Tissue fluid | back 8 Surrounding cells. Similar to plasma, but without red blood cells, platelets + large proteins |
front 9 Lymph | back 9 Inside lymphatic vessels. Similar to tissue fluid, but with more lipids |
front 10 Diffusion | back 10 Movement of water From an area of it's high concentration To an area of it's low concentration |
front 11 Passive | back 11 Does not require energy |
front 12 Diffusion in humans | back 12 Oxygen diffuse into the blood in the lungs Carbon dioxide diffuses out of the blood in the lungs |
front 13 Diffusion in plants | back 13 Carbon dioxide diffuses into leaf through stomata Oxygen diffuses out of leaf through stomata |
front 14 Semi-permeable | back 14 Only some substances can pass through |
front 15 Fully permeable | back 15 All substances can pass through |
front 16 Small + Large molecules | back 16 Small molecules can get though small pores in membrane Large molecules too big + cannot get through small pores |
front 17 Examples of small molecules | back 17 H2O, O2 and CO2 |
front 18 Membranes in cell that are semi-permeable | back 18 1. Cell membrane 2. Mitochondria membrane 3. Chloroplast membrane 4. Nucleus membrane |
front 19 Osmosis | back 19 Movement of water From an area of it's high water concentration To an area of it's low water concentration Across a semi-permeable membrane |
front 20 Why is Osmosis a "special case" of diffusion? | back 20 It's the diffusion of water across a semi-permeable membrane |
front 21 Importance of kidneys in Animals | back 21 If Blood plasma had a high water concentration compared to water concentration inside red blood cells Cells water would move from blood plasma into cells by osmosis causing red blood cells to swell and burst |
front 22 If an Animal cell is surrounded by a solution with a Low water concentration compared to cytoplasm in cell What happens? Result? | back 22 What happens?- Water moves out of cell by osmosis Result- Cell shrivels up + may die |
front 23 If an Animal cell is surrounded by a solution with a High water concentration compared to cytoplasm in cell What happens? Result? | back 23 What happens?- Water moves into cell by osmosis Result- Cell swells up + may burst |
front 24 If an Animal cell is surrounded by a solution with same water concentration compared to cytoplasm in cell What happens? Result? | back 24 What happens?- Water moves in and out of cell by osmosis Result- No change occurs |
front 25 Plasmolysis | back 25 Pulling away of cytoplasm from cell wall dye to loss of water from vacuole + cytoplasm by osmosis |
front 26 What happens to plants when their cells lose water? | back 26 Plants wilt |
front 27 Osmoregulation | back 27 Kidneys control water level in blood plasma by removing excess water from blood |
front 28 If an Plant cell is surrounded by a solution with Low water concentration compared to cytoplasm in cell What happens? Result? | back 28 What happens?- Water moves out of vacuole + cytoplasm by osmosis Result- Cell membrane pulls away from cell wall Cell wall stays intact, rest of cell shrivels up Cell is plasmolysed |
front 29 If an Plant cell is surrounded by a solution with High water concentration compared to cytoplasm in cell What happens? Result? | back 29 What happens?- Water moves into vacuole + cytoplasm by osmosis Result- Vacuole swells causing cell to swell and cell is turgid |
front 30 Turgor | back 30 Outward pressure of vacuole + cytoplasm against plant cell wall |
front 31 Effect on plants | back 31 1. Herbaceous (soft stem) rely on turgor pressure for mechanical support 2. Roots absorb water from soil |
front 32 Osmosis and Food preservation | back 32 Sugary/Salty solutions = Low water concentraion Micro-organisms lose water by osmosis and die as they cannot survive without water |
front 33 Examples of Osmosis and Food Preservation | back 33 1. Fish and Bacon = Salt solution 2. Jam and Tinned Fruit = Sugar solution |
front 34 Active Transport | back 34 Movement of a substance From an area of it's low concentration To an area of it's high concentration |
front 35 Active process | back 35 Requires energy |
front 36 Examples of when active transport occur | back 36 1. Kidney (nephron)- during reabsorption of glucose and useful substances 2. Root hair- Absorption of minerals from soil |
front 37 Why Marine (Saltwater) Amoeba do not need a contractile vacuole? | back 37 Salt/Water concentration is the same as concentration of seawater that surrounds it Water moves in and out of saltwater Amoeba at the same rate Marine Amoeba do not swell and burst, they do not need a contractile vacuole |
front 38 Importance of Contractile Vacuole to Freshwater Amoeba | back 38 Outside water has high water concentration compared to inside Amoeba. So water moves into amoeba by osmosis causing it to swell and burst Contractile bascule in freshwater amoeba collect excess water inside amoeba and release it Known as Osmoregulation |