front 1 New Caledonian crows have the capacity for | back 1 abstract thought (use one tool to access anohter tool that will help them reach food) |
front 2 behavior (evolves) | back 2 internally generated response to external stimuli
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front 3 Fox experiment | back 3 docility in foxes can be a learned behavior through specific breeding [genes influence behavio]
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front 4 Genetic influence on behavior | back 4
Basically, behavior can be artificially selected for in animals |
front 5 Tinbergen | back 5 laid foundation for study of behavior from evolutionary perspective, four questions:
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front 6 juvenile stickleback sfrom freshwater lakes were | back 6 less social, more aggressive towards conspecifics, and less likely to school |
front 7 under gentic ontrol, oldfield mice produce | back 7 distinctive burrow |
front 8 Behavioral ecology | back 8 science that explores the relationship between behavior, ecology, and evolution -> highlights significance of animal actions |
front 9 Proximate Causations | back 9 explains biological functions via immediate physiological/environmental factors (how behavior is elicited) |
front 10 Ultimate Causations | back 10 explains traits via evolutionary forces acting on them Identify behavior in organisms without brains (why particular behaviors evolved) |
front 11 Cellular slime mold (Dictyostelium discoides) organism without brains can behave in complex ways | back 11 Cope with starvation -> cells join to form a “slug” -> produce spores, but die in formation process |
front 12 Plants (brainless organism) | back 12
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front 13 With Brains | back 13 use neurons to control behavior Voltage spikes travel down neuron, triggers release of neurotransmitters at synapse -> triggers activity in neighboring neurons |
front 14 Early nervous system | back 14 Alalcomenaeus (520 mya, very similar nervous system to modern relative) Nervous system evolved via gene co-option |
front 15 Agreement | back 15 genes for cell-to-cell communication co-opted |
front 16 Uncertain | back 16 if earliest multicell animals had nervous system or if it can from more derived animals |
front 17 Sponges lack nervous systems, however | back 17 make homologs of proteins found in neurons |
front 18 Two hypotheses via origins of nervous system | back 18 ctenophores w/ pivotal role
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front 19 Innate behavior | back 19 behavior that is genetically hardwired in organism, can be performed in response to cue without prior experience |
front 20 Synaptic plasticity | back 20 ability to strengthen and weaken over time via increase/decrease in activity [ex. Dendritic spins grow from learning behaviors] |
front 21 Benefits of living in a group | back 21
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front 22 Costs of living in a group | back 22
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front 23 Tidbit | back 23 wild dogs, unlike orcas, do NOT have group size limit, success usually stays the same/increases as group size increases |
front 24 Inclusive fitness | back 24 direct fitness + indirect fitness (WILL BE FINAL QUESTION RELATED TO THIS) |
front 25 Direct fitness | back 25 organism’s own success in transferring alleles to future generations |
front 26 Indirect fitness | back 26 reproductive success of other individuals carrying same allele also explains altruism via potential to pass on same alleles to offspring |
front 27 dilution effect | back 27 safety innumbers that arises through swamping the foraging capacity of local predators |
front 28 Kin selection | back 28 selection from indirect benefits of helping relatives Inclusive selection leads to kin selection via accounting for both your own fitness and the fitness of those related to you, coefficient of relatedness w/ greater chance of success of carrying down similar alleles |
front 29 HAMILTON’S RULE | back 29 describes when altruism is favored rB>C |
front 30 Female ground squirrels (kin selection) | back 30 do not venture far from birthplace (unlike males), more likely to give warning calls If hawk seen, net benefit of alarm (warns relatives), but danger to squirrel who made call |
front 31 White-fronted bee-eaters | back 31 during drought, offspring stay with parents and help raise siblings |
front 32 Giant water bugs | back 32 males keep eggs on back, aerate via coming to water surface (very risky) Certainty of paternity via only accepting eggs after mating with same female several times |
front 33 Male side-blotched lizards | back 33 3 different behaviors, varying frequency from year to year based on mating success (types oscillate in frequency over time) ornage, blue, yellow |
front 34 Bred flies | back 34 quickly learned to identify quinine laced bread -> fast-learning flies produced fast-learning offspring -> cost: fast-learning flies died sooner than normal flies capacity to learn can evolve, but may come at a cost |
front 35 earliest fossil evidence of brain | back 35 vertebrate development was the evolution of the brain, 530 bya Haikouichthys |
front 36 vertebrate organization is | back 36 relatively conserved |
front 37 Bilaterian (organisms with right and left sides) development | back 37 trend towards cephalization (concentrating scent organs into “head”) |
front 38 Somatosensory cortex | back 38 senses, if function occurring inside and outside (pictures shows enlarged areas where somatosensory cortex effect is strongest) -> disgusting |
front 39 Cerebellum | back 39 maintaining balance |
front 40 Broca’s area | back 40 speech |
front 41 Prefrontal cortex/neocortex | back 41 attention, thought, perception and episodic memory |
front 42 Hypothalamus | back 42 homeostasis |
front 43 Amygdala | back 43 emotional responses As you get older your amygdala degrades, meaning that you have a less of a social filter |
front 44 parts of brain vary in size depending | back 44 on vertebrate species |
front 45 Complex (sometimes not understandable) animal behaviors | back 45
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