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  1. Print the notecards
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  3. Cut out the notecards by cutting along each horizontal dotted line
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  1. Verify Front of pages is selected for Viewing and print the front of the notecards
  2. Select Back of pages for Viewing and print the back of the notecards
    NOTE: Since the back of the pages are printed in reverse order (last page is printed first), keep the pages in the same order as they were after Step 1. Also, be sure to feed the pages in the same direction as you did in Step 1.
  3. Cut out the notecards by cutting along each horizontal and vertical dotted line
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12 notecards = 3 pages (4 cards per page)

Viewing:

cont lecture 21

front 1

isolation by distance

back 1

populations breed with those in close proxy (results in variation across range of species)

front 2

ring species

back 2

connected series of populations wherein each interbreed with closely sited populations, bit for which there are least 2 "end" species (literal "ends" (arroheads) CANT interbreed, but species along the vector length can)

front 3

ecological speciation

back 3

selection for different ecological traits indifferent niches create reproductive barriers

front 4

magiv traits

back 4

traits that simultaneously confer divergent local adaptation and act as reproductive barriers (tldr: 2 for 1)

front 5

islands allow for alloatric speciation

back 5

it literally hard to go between distant islands

front 6

colonization speciation

back 6

we also see that as organism tend to colonize differing islands, they speciate

front 7

(pace of speciation) Drosophila

back 7

in natural conditions, we see that it takes hundreds to thousand of years for them to speciate (typically linked with some factor f reproductive isolation)

front 8

(pace of speciation) Allopolyploid

back 8

when an individual has two or more complete sets if chromosomes from different species

front 9

example of Allopolyploid

back 9

plants can produce sterile hybrids that still undergo genome duplication that can then undergo normal meiosis (tldr: supha fast speciation)

front 10

cryptic species

back 10

comprise of multiple taca that are grounded under the same name because they look nearly the same morphologically, however different species genetically (however, in microbes the distinction between species can rely upon if their 16s rRNA genes vary by more than 3%)

front 11

horizontal gene transfer

back 11

many unicellular organisms may accrue a litany of new genomes throughout their lifespan; makes it very hard to identify what is a new species

front 12

stbale ecotype model

back 12

long-lived population of genetically related individuals that share the same set of adaptation for a niche