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micro test 2 lecture 7

front 1

11/02

back 1

intro to plasmodium, cause of malaria

front 2

disease

back 2

malaria - disease

plasmodium spp. - microbe that causes the disease

very ancient

TB impacting humans for thousands of years (about 50 thousand)

front 3

prok vs. euk

back 3

bacteria that have nuclei - eukaryote

3 main branches

front 4

virus vs bacterium vs eukaryote

back 4

Plasmodium – has 14 chromosomes and 23 million base pairs

~5,300 genes

front 5

3 infection sites with plasmodium

back 5

RBC

mosquitos

liver

front 6

infection in 3 acts

back 6

tansition between mosquito and blood form:

Know this figure

This schematic shows almost everything

Merozoites – form that infects RBC – only thing that they do

- once infected, makes more of itself

- infected RBC breaks -> release baby merozoits + infect more RBCs

- once in a while , when merozoite in rbc -> instead of making more -> will go to bone marrow + form 1 of 2 gametocytes

-> gametocytes release back into blood +

- if mosquito take bloodmeal -> pick up gametocyte (must pick up opposite sex ones) -> fertilization process in mosquito make zygotes

-> zygotes in dev into oocyst - gives rise to sporozoite form of plasmodium

- sporozoites emerge from oocyst

- sporozoites -> transfer to another individual when mosquito bites them (SPOROZOITES ARE THE TRANSFER FROM MOSQUITO)

- sporozoites from mosquito travel blood -> (OCCUR EXCLUSIVELY/ONLY IN LIVER CELLS) liver -> infect liver cells (hepatocytes) – where sporozoite grows + change form back into merozoite (IN INFECTED LIVER CELLS)

- what leaves liver cells = MEROZOITES

- merozoites emerging liver cells = complete cycle -> start over -> infect RBC, etc.

KNOW WHAT ALL THE FORMS ARE

(bottom 1/3 of graph is inside the mosquito)

Mosquito – vector

- mosquito also where genetic shuffling occurs

front 7

merogony

back 7

  • (biology) form of asexual reproduction whereby a parasititc protozoan replicates its own nucleus inside its host cells and then induces cell segmentation; schizogony
  • (medicine) the development of part of an ovum after damage

merozoite form of plasmodium is VERY small

merogony - means when merozoite infect RBC when get inside

front 8

imaging of merozoite

back 8

invasion in fixed cells

imaging of merozoite invasion in fixed cells

  • purified merozoites were fixed in the process of invasion to visualize invasion events
  • they were examines at the point of initial binding to the RBC surface, midway, and after invasion was complete

front 9

merozoites invading, growing, and then getting out of the RBC

back 9

lyse + release progeny/baby merozoites

see pic

front 10

instead of making more merozoites, a merozoite can differentiate into a "sex cell", the gametocyte

back 10

stages of P. falciparum

  • normal red cell
  • trophozoite
  • correspond to ring stage trophozoite
  • schizonts
  • mature macrogametocytes (female)
  • mature microgametocytes (male)

Slides of what infected RBCs look like

Don’t need to know stage names

Can dev into either macro or micro gametocyte(male/female)

- instead of making more merozoites, CAN make gamtocytes

- random whether make male or female

front 11

plasmodium in the mosquito (anopheles spp.)

back 11

gametocytes taking up in blood

release sporozoite by mosquito into individual (about 2 weeks later)

process begin in gut/intestinal tract of mosquito

  • if male and female both present - fuse and form zygote ->
  • oozyte come out of gut -> make sporozoites -> migrate to salivary gland of mosquito -> transfer when bite next victim

front 12

mosquito to hepatocyte: sporozoite

back 12

Sporozoites about 20x or more bigger than merozoite

front 13

sexual reproduction occurring in plasmodium is EXACTLY the same as in animals and plants

back 13

animals: egg (n - halpoid) + sperm (n - haploid) -> zygote (nn - diploid)

plasmodium: macrogamete (n - haploid) + microgamete (n - haploid) -> zygote (nn - diploid)'

Macro gamete – haploid – fuse w/ opposite sex gamete -> zygote = diploid cell

Occurs in circled stage

= MEIOSIS

Oocyst – in tissue of mosquito – diploid

-> Forms sporozoites (haploid)

-> We get infected w/ haploid cells

-> Whole process = meiosis (does a lot of gene shuffling)