front 1 galapagos islands | back 1 33 islands, isla isabela, isla fernandina, santa cruz |
front 2 green warbler finch (certhidea olivacea) | back 2 vulnerable. though to be the same species as the grey warbler finch |
front 3 grey warbler finch (certhidea fusca) | back 3 least concern. smaller drier islands. |
front 4 mangrove finch (geospiza pallida) | back 4 vulnerable. use of tools. can use twig, stick, or cactus spine to dislodge invertebrates from trees. |
front 5 large tree finch (geospiza psittacula) | back 5 vulnerable. large, powerful bill with a thick base and is found on a number of the islands. |
front 6 medium tree finch (geospiza pauper) | back 6 critically endangered. in highlands of floreana. |
front 7 small tree finch (geospiza pavula) | back 7 least concern. small and distinctive short, curved beaks to feed on insects |
front 8 Large ground finch (geospiza magnirostris) | back 8 least concern. largest of darwin;s finches both in size and beak size. large, short beaks for cracking large seed and nuts. |
front 9 Medium ground finch (geospiza fortis) | back 9 least concern. number of the islands and fee mainly on seeds |
front 10 Small ground finch (geospiza fuliginosa) | back 10 least concern. most common species of finch, found throughout the islands. |
front 11 large cactus finch (geospiza conirostris) | back 11 least concern. most variable of finches in appearance and feed on a range of foods including Opuntia cacti |
front 12 common cactus finch (geospiza scandens) | back 12 least concern feed mostly on Opuntia cacti, pollen and nectar. Sometimes on the seeds and fruit, range of vegetative foods and invertebrates |
front 13 sharp-beaked cactus finch (geospiza difficilis) | back 13 least concern. mostly feed on seeds, those found in small islands drink the blood of large seabirtds such as boobies. Alternative name of "vampire finch" |
front 14 Darwin's finches feed on | back 14 cactus flowers, use twigs as tools to pry insects from bark, eat eggs and leaves, drink blood, and feed on ticks |
front 15 severe drought resulted in | back 15 only harder, woody seeds available to birds (larger-beaked birds favored) |
front 16 natural selection is variable over time and can result in | back 16 rapid evolutionary change |
front 17 mutation to Mc2r produce | back 17 dark pigmentation |
front 18 Agouti interfered with Mc1r and indicated | back 18 the light coat evolved independently |
front 19 snowshoe hare (lepus americanus) | back 19 for camouflage, fur turns white during winter and rusty brown during summer |
front 20 more than one agent of selection can | back 20 act on a trait (drive selection in two different directions at the same time) |
front 21 both predators and parasitoids feed on | back 21 prey (parasitoids feed on living tissue and predator kill its prey before consuming) |
front 22 extended phenotype | back 22 structure constructed by an organism that can influence its performance or success |
front 23 gall fly include plants to produce | back 23 galls, an extended phenotype (for food source and protection for eggs) |
front 24 populations that independently experience parallel environmental changes represent | back 24 replicated natural experiments |
front 25 natural experiment is an | back 25 empirical study in individuals are exposed to experimental and control conditions that are determined by nature or by other factors outside the control of the investigators |
front 26 three-spined stickleback (gasterosteus aculeatus) is a scientific study for: | back 26 great morphological variation, anadromous (live in seawater but breed in freshwater) very tolerant of salinity changes, social and breeding behavior, antipredator adaptations. easy to find in nature and to keep in aquaria |
front 27 ectodysplasin (Eda) signaling involved | back 27 in production of variable lateral plates in stickleback. QTL mapping has determines that Eda causes variation. |
front 28 shift in dorsal spine length recorded in | back 28 fossil record, nevada dating back 10mya preserved 100k years of stickleback changes, new gradually lost their armor due to relaxed predation pressure |
front 29 low-Eda allele favored in | back 29 freshwater populations, production of armor is energetically costly |
front 30 humans are agents of | back 30 selection |
front 31 scientists use genetic tools to | back 31 understand steps toward domestication (Teosinte grows multiple stals and long branches, maize grows only a single stalk) |
front 32 IGF1 gene contributed to | back 32 small body size |
front 33 HAS2 gene is associated with | back 33 skin wrinkling |
front 34 RSPO2 is associated with | back 34 wiry hair and moustaches |
front 35 FGF5 | back 35 long/short fur |
front 36 KRT71 | back 36 curly/straight hair |
front 37 pesticides and herbicides acts as | back 37 agents of selection |
front 38 resistance to pesticides in | back 38 Danish houseflies |
front 39 weeds quickly evolve resistance to | back 39 herbicides |
front 40 alterations in EPSPS enzyme leads to | back 40 roundup resistance, a single amino acid change in EPSPS leads to roundup resistance |
front 41 creation of refuges (Bt toxin free) can | back 41 slow the evolution of resistance |
front 42 introduced cane toads have led to | back 42 evolution of black snake populations |
front 43 evolution of shorter male horns due to | back 43 huntings |
front 44 cod fishing influenced life history: | back 44 cod now breed earlier and at a smaller size than before (age of sexual maturity) |
front 45 the speed of evolution depends on | back 45 amount of genetic variation and strength of selection (leads to rapid resistance in pest populations) |