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CH 18 Fundamentals of Spectrophotometry

front 1

Spectroscopy

back 1

the theoretical approach to the science of studying the interaction between matter and radiated energy

front 2

Spectrometry

back 2

the practical application of spectroscopy

front 3

Spectrometry uses instruments called

back 3

spectrometers

front 4

Spectrophotometry

back 4

the method used to measure how much achemical substance absorbs light as a beam of light passes through asample solution

front 5

Spectrophotometers

back 5

the instruments used to quantitatively measure the reflection or transmission properties of a material as a function of wavelength (a spectrum)

front 6

Spectrum

back 6

the reflection or transmission properties of a material as a function of wavelength

front 7

Light behaves as: (2)

back 7

a WAVE and a PARTICLE

front 8

Light as a WAVE

back 8

- has a wavelength and frequency

- exhibits the wave phenomena of interference, diffraction, and reflection.

- Wave properties govern light behavior such as interference and diffraction

front 9

Wave properties govern light behavior such as

back 9

interference and diffraction

front 10

Light as a PARTICLE (a photon)

back 10

- carries a discrete energy that can be absorbed or emitted by a molecule.

- The interaction of light with chemicals is described using the particle nature of light—the photon and its energy

front 11

Light waves consist of

back 11

perpendicular, oscillating electric and magnetic fields

front 12

Wavelength, λ

back 12

the distance between wave crests

front 13

Wavelength units

back 13

m, µm, nm

front 14

Wavenumber (v)

back 14

a measure of spatial frequency

(v = 1/λ)

front 15

Frequency, ν

back 15

  • the number of oscillations per second of the wave
  • Frequency has
    units of hertz (s-1).
  • 1 Hz = 1 oscillation per second

front 16

Speed of light, c, formula

back 16

  • The product of wavelength times frequency
  • νλ = c
  • In a vacuum, all light travels at the same speed.
    c = 2.998 × 108 m/s

front 17

Light has a duality of

back 17

Wave-Particle

front 18

What is the smallest amount of light that can be generated by a light source?

back 18

A photon is the smallest amount of light that can be generated by a light source.
A photon is a particle of light.

front 19

The energy of a photon can be calculated from its

back 19

frequency

front 20

Photon energy formula

back 20

Ephoton = hν

where

h = Planck’s constant = 6.626 × 10-34 J∙s
ν = the frequency of the photon in units of hertz, s-1
E = the energy of the photon in units of joules, J

front 21

Constants

back 21

c = 2.998 × 108 m/s (the speed of light in a vacuum)
h = 6.626 × 10-34 J∙s (Planck’s constant)

front 22

Equations

back 22

v = 1/λ (conversion equation between wavelength and wavenumbers)

λν = c (equation for speed of light in a vacuum)

Ephoton = hν (equation for energy of a photon of light)

E = hν = hc/λ = hcv

front 23

Our eyes only see a fraction of the light in the universe. T/F?

back 23

True

front 24

Spectrophotometry

back 24

Any technique that uses light to measure chemical concentrations

front 25

Absorption Spectrophotometry

back 25

Any technique that uses the absorption of light to measure chemical
concentrations