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3.1 Psych Vocab

front 1

sensation

back 1

the process by which our sensory receptors and nervous system receive and represent stimulus energies from our envrionment

front 2

sensory receptors

back 2

sensory nerve endings that respond to stimuli

front 3

perception

back 3

the process of organizing and interpreting sensory information, enabling us to recognize meaningful objects and events

front 4

bottom-up processing

back 4

analysis that begins with the sensory receptors and works up to the brain's integration of sensory information

front 5

top-down processing

back 5

information processing guided by higher-level mental processes, as when we construct perceptions drawing on our experience and expectations

front 6

transduction

back 6

conversion of one form of energy into another. In sensation, the transforming of stimulus energies, such as sights, sounds, and smells, into neural impulses our brain can interpret

front 7

psychophysics

back 7

the study of relationships between the physical characteristics of stimuli, such as their intensity, and our psychological experience of them

front 8

absolute threshold

back 8

the minimum stimulus energy needed to detect a particular stimulus 50 percent of the time

front 9

signal detection theory

back 9

a theory predicting how and when we detect the presence of a faint stimulus (signal) aid background stimulation (noise). Assumes there is no single absolute threshold and that detection depends partly on a person's experience, expectations, motivation, and alertness

front 10

subliminal

back 10

below one's absolute threshold for conscious awareness

front 11

priming

back 11

the activation, often unconsciously, of certain associations, thus predisposing one's perception, memory, or response

front 12

difference threshold

back 12

the minimum difference between two stimuli required for detection 50 percent of the time. We experience the difference threshold as a just noticeable difference

front 13

Weber's law

back 13

the principle that, to be perceived as different, two stimuli must differ by a constant minimum percentage (rather than a different amount)

front 14

sensory adaptation

back 14

diminished sensitivity as a consequence of constant stimulation

front 15

perceptual set

back 15

a mental predisposition to perceive one thing and not another