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84 notecards = 21 pages (4 cards per page)

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AP Psych Unit 3 Review

front 1

sensation

back 1

senses collect info from environment and convert it to signals that travel through the brain

front 2

perception

back 2

the process by which the brain organizes and interprets sensory input

front 3

tranduction

back 3

transforms stimulus energy into electrochemical energy of neural impulses for all the senses except for smell

front 4

bottom- up processing

back 4

taking sensory information and assembling it until an object is formed in minds

front 5

top- down processing

back 5

processing and perceiving new information you encounter with things you already know

front 6

psychophysics

back 6

studies how physical energy affects our psychological experiences

front 7

sensory adaptaion

back 7

the diminished sensitivity as a consequence of constant stimulation

front 8

absolute threshhold

back 8

the smallest level of stimulus that can be detected at least half of the time

front 9

signal detection theory

back 9

predicts that the intensity of stimuli and state of the person affects whether or not they are able to detect the stimuli

front 10

subliminal sensation

back 10

stimuli that are under your absolute threshold for conscious awareness

front 11

difference threshold

back 11

minimum difference person can detect between 2 stimuli half the time

front 12

webers law

back 12

2 stimuli must differ by a constant minimum percentage to be perceived different

front 13

selective attention

back 13

when we focus on one particular stimuli in our environment and ignore the rest

front 14

inattentional blindness

back 14

when our focus is directed at one stimulus, leaving us blind to other stimuli

front 15

change blindness

back 15

when a stimulus undergoes a change without being noticed by its observer due to visual interruptions

front 16

pupil

back 16

the adjustable opening in the center of the eye through which light enters

front 17

iris

back 17

a colored muscle that dilates or constricts in response to light intensity or inner emotions

front 18

lens

back 18

the transparent structure behind the pupil that changes shape to help focus images in the retina

front 19

retina

back 19

light- sensitive inner surface of the eye which contains the receptor rods and cones and neurons

front 20

rods

back 20

receptor cells in the retina responsible for detecting light in general

front 21

cones

back 21

receptor cells that are responsible for color vision and visual adaptation to changes in light

front 22

fovea

back 22

the retinas central area of focus, where most cones are clustered around

front 23

optic nerve

back 23

the nerve that carries visual information to the brain

front 24

blind spot

back 24

the point at which the optic nerve leaves the eye and there are no receptors

front 25

bipolar cells

back 25

the main interneurons, providing the main pathway between the photoreceptors of the eye to ganglion cells

front 26

ganglion cells

back 26

retinal cells that are responsible for carrying the visual stimuli to the brain

front 27

feature detectors

back 27

neurons located in the visual cortex that respond to specific features of stimulus

front 28

parallel processing

back 28

the ability of the brain to process things such as color, motion, shape, etc. simultaneously

front 29

young- helmholtz trichromatic theory

back 29

theory that your retina contains 3 types of receptor cells that can process three colors (green, blue, and red)

front 30

opponent- process theory

back 30

theory that opposing retinal processes (red- green, yellow- blue, and white- black) enable color vision

front 31

wavelenegth

back 31

distance of wave of light from peak to peak, which determines the color of the wave

front 32

hue

back 32

dimension of color that is determined by the wavelength of the light

front 33

amplitude

back 33

height of each peak in a wavelength, which determines the brightness of the light

front 34

afterimage

back 34

continuation of visual sensation even after the stimulus is removed

front 35

#1

back 35

cornea

front 36

#2

back 36

pupil

front 37

#3

back 37

lens

front 38

#4

back 38

iris

front 39

#5

back 39

retina

front 40

#6

back 40

fovea

front 41

#7

back 41

optic nerve

front 42

#8

back 42

blind spot

front 43

gestalt

back 43

organized whole; we tend to integrate pieces of information into meaningful wholes

front 44

figure- ground

back 44

organization of visual field into objects that stand out from their surroundings

front 45

grouping

back 45

perceptual tendency to organise stimuli into coherent groups

front 46

depth pereception

back 46

ability to see objects in 3-D, which allows us to judge depth

front 47

visual cliff

back 47

laboratory device for testing depth perception in babies and young animals

front 48

binocular cues

back 48

depth cues that depend on the use of both eyes

front 49

retinal disparity

back 49

binocular cue for perceiving depth (greater disparity means closer object)

front 50

monocular cues

back 50

depth cues such as interposition and linear perspective, not dependent on use of both eyes

front 51

phi phonomenon

back 51

illusion of movement created when two or more adjacent lights blink on and odd in quick succession

front 52

perceptual constancy

back 52

perceiving objects as unchanging even as illumination and retinal images change

front 53

color constancy

back 53

perceiving familiar objects as having consistent color even if changing illumination alters the wavelength reflected by object

front 54

perceptual adaptation

back 54

ability to adjust to an artificially displaced or even inverted visual field

front 55

audition

back 55

biological process by which our ears process sound waves

front 56

amplitude

back 56

how loud sound is, measured on a scale of decibels (dB)

front 57

frequency

back 57

number of wavelengths in a sound wave every second

front 58

pitch

back 58

wavelength of sound wave (high or low) determined by the frequency of the wave

front 59

outer ear

back 59

portion of ear that can be seen with inspection (pinna, ear canal, and ear drum)

front 60

pinna

back 60

visible part of ear that directs sound waves into the ear canal

front 61

ear canal

back 61

canal that guides sound waves down it to the eardrum

front 62

ear drum

back 62

also known as the tympanic membrane, which vibrates when the sound waves hit it

front 63

middle ear

back 63

chamber between the eardrum and the cochlea containing the hammer, anvil and stirrup

front 64

ossicles

back 64

the hammer, anvil, and stirrup are known as ossicles, they are responsible for transferring the vibrations from the eardrum to the cochlea

front 65

inner ear

back 65

innermost part of the ear (cochlea, semicircular canals, basilar membrane, and vestibular sacs)

front 66

cochlea

back 66

a fluid- filled tube responsible for triggering nerve impulses from sound waves

front 67

semicircular canals

back 67

fluid- filled tubes are responsible for helping you maintain your balance

front 68

basilar membrane

back 68

membrane of cochlea that moves due to the fluid, causing action potential

front 69

organ of corti

back 69

located in the basilar membrane and responsible for changing vibrations into neural impulses

front 70

vestibular sacs

back 70

sensory cells responsible for maintaining balance

front 71

sensorineural hearing loss

back 71

hearing loss caused by damage to the cochlea receptor cells or auditory nerves

front 72

conduction hearing loss

back 72

hearing loss caused by damage to the mechanical system that conducts sound waves to the cochlea

front 73

cochlear implant

back 73

device for converting sounds into electrical signals and stimulation the auditory nerve

front 74

place theory

back 74

theory that links pitch we hear with the place that the cochlea is stimulated

front 75

frequency theory

back 75

theory that rate of nerve impulses traveling up the auditory nerve matches the frequency of tone

front 76

perceptual set

back 76

set of mental tendencies to perceive one thing and not another

front 77

extra sensory perception (ESP)

back 77

controversial claim that perception can occur apart from sensory input

front 78

parappsychology

back 78

study of paranormal phenomena (ex: ESP or psychokinesis)

front 79

gate- control theory

back 79

theory that spinal cord contains "gate" that blocks or sends pain signals

front 80

nociceptor

back 80

sensory receptor for painful stimuli, which act as predictors of harm

front 81

kinesthesia

back 81

system for sensing the position and movement of individual body parts

front 82

vestibular sense

back 82

sense of body movement and position including the sense of balance

front 83

sensory interaction

back 83

principle that one sense may influence another (ex: smell and taste)

front 84

embodied cognition

back 84

influence of bodily sensations, gestures, etc. on cognitive preferences/ judgements