front 1 thomas hunt | back 1 used fruit flies to demonstrate that linked genes must be real physical objects that are located proximity on the same chromosome |
front 2 bateson et al. | back 2 crossed homozygous pea plants (performed a typical dihybrid cross between one pure line with purple flowers and long pollen grains and a second pure line with red flowers and round pollen grains) and discovered genes display partial linkage |
front 3 morgan | back 3 discovered eye-color trait in fruit flies was connected with the sex factor (In order to get white-eyed females, he crossed males w/daughters) (originally no white eyes females) |
front 4 linkage equilibrium | back 4 if the occurrence of an allele at one locus is independent of the presence or absence of an allele at a second locus |
front 5 loci on difference chromosomes | back 5 behave independently and thus are in linkage equilibrium |
front 6 linkage disequilibrium | back 6 if the occurrence os an allele at one locus is nonrandomly associated with the presence or absence of an allele at a second locus |
front 7 two different loci close together on the same chromosome | back 7 can be randomly linked |
front 8 degree of linkage of different locu depends on | back 8 the distance between them |
front 9 single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) | back 9 is a variation at a single position in a DNA sequences among individuals |
front 10 if more than 1% of a population does not carry the same nucleotide at a specific position in the DNA sequence then ___ | back 10 this variation can be classified as a SNP |
front 11 if SNP occurs within a gene | back 11 then the gene is describe as having more than one allele |
front 12 SNPs can be used as | back 12 markers to detect the presence of disease-risk alleles |
front 13 supergene | back 13 group of functionally related genes close enough together to segregate as a unit (a supergene is a group of genes that are inherited together as a unit, often with a lot of other noncoding DNA) |
front 14 QTL analysis links | back 14 traits with genes |
front 15 QTL | back 15 analysis method that links two types of information of phenotypic data and genotypic data in an attempt to explain genetic variation in complex traits |
front 16 QTL analysis requirements | back 16 -two or more strains of organisms that differ genetically with regard to the trait of interest -genetic markers that distinguish between these parental lines (favorable) |
front 17 several types of markers are used as well as | back 17 SNPs, SSRs or microsatellites, RFLPS, and transposable elements position |
front 18 to carry out QTL analysis, | back 18 the parental strains are croossed, resulting in heterozygous (F1) then crossed |
front 19 markers that are gentically linked to a QTL influencing the trait of interest will | back 19 segregate ore frequently with traits values whereas unlinked markers will not show significant association with phenotype |
front 20 QTL analysis can help researches identify | back 20 genes contributing to variation in several different traits |
front 21 Hoeksra el al QTL analysis of coat color in mice | back 21 after crossing, correlation with alleles were found in two loci associated with coloration. Agouti (strongest correlation with coat color) and Mc1r |
front 22 Mc1r | back 22 encodes that triggers the production of pigment (dark pigment) |
front 23 Agouti | back 23 production of light pigment (by encoding a receptor that shuts down the Mc1r receptor |
front 24 Expression of Agouti during development influences | back 24 coat color |
front 25 Genetic manipulation of dark mice makes them | back 25 lighter |
front 26 the members of the F1 generation would be invariant and would have an intermediate phenotype | back 26 the F2 generation would be variable |
front 27 regulatory genes | back 27 genes that code for transcription factors |
front 28 genome wide association (GWA) | back 28 mapping involves scanning through genomes of many different individuals w/or w/o focal trait of interest, to search for markers associated with expression of that trait |
front 29 GWA studies | back 29 produce many unlinked individual genes but riddled with large expected numbers of false positives |
front 30 GWAS contribute ot the | back 30 phenotype of interest |
front 31 GWA scan for | back 31 genetic loci associated with disease risk |
front 32 genetic and evironmental influences on phenotype | back 32 Vp = VG + VE |
front 33 several complex traits in the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster has revealed | back 33 that many genes influence longevity and significant-by-environment effect have also been reported for life span |
front 34 phenotypic plasticity | back 34 a single genotype produces different phenotypes depending on the environment |
front 35 snowshoe hares exhibit | back 35 phenotypic platicity |
front 36 reaction norm can | back 36 predict response to environment |
front 37 reaction norm | back 37 refers to the pattern of phenotypic expression of a single genotype across a range of environment |
front 38 all genotypes may not respond to the | back 38 environment in the same way |
front 39 phenotypic plasticity | back 39 in Caenorhabditis elegans |
front 40 QTL analysis shows | back 40 chromosome IV is strongly associated with levels of plasticity in fertility |
front 41 plasticity can | back 41 evolve |
front 42 QTL and GWA | back 42 identifies regions of the genome associated with phenotypic variation |
front 43 differences in phenotypic plasticity may be heritable and adaptive phenotypic plasticity can therefore evolve | back 43 may be heritable and adaptive phenotypic plasticity can therefore evolve |