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Instructions for Side by Side Printing
  1. Print the notecards
  2. Fold each page in half along the solid vertical line
  3. Cut out the notecards by cutting along each horizontal dotted line
  4. Optional: Glue, tape or staple the ends of each notecard together
  1. Verify Front of pages is selected for Viewing and print the front of the notecards
  2. Select Back of pages for Viewing and print the back of the notecards
    NOTE: Since the back of the pages are printed in reverse order (last page is printed first), keep the pages in the same order as they were after Step 1. Also, be sure to feed the pages in the same direction as you did in Step 1.
  3. Cut out the notecards by cutting along each horizontal and vertical dotted line
To print: Ctrl+PPrint as a list

13 notecards = 4 pages (4 cards per page)

Viewing:

HOL UNIT 3

front 1

Germanic Language Definition:

back 1

Any language which may trace its lineage to a Proto-Germanic as evidenced by certain phonological markers shared by all Germanic Languages.

front 2

Northern Branch

back 2

  • Remained in Scandinavia
  • Wrote using the Elder and Younger Futhark
    • Derived from Old Italic Script

front 3

Western Branch

back 3

  • Expanded early into Central Europe
  • Maintained prolonged contact with the Northern Branch
  • Wrote using the Elder Futhark and the Anglo-Frisian Futhorc
    • Derived from Old Italic Script

front 4

Eastern Branch

back 4

  • First expanded into Gotland
  • Expanded late into Eastern Europe
  • Wrote using the Gothic Alphabet
    • Derived from the Greek Alphabet
    • Earliest Germanic texts were written in Gothic

front 5

  • Proto-Language for the Germanic Family is

back 5

  • Proto-Germanic

front 6

  • Grimm’s Law

back 6

  • PIE plosives shifted pronunciation as they developed into Proto-Germanic
  • voiceless stops → voiceless fricatives
  • voiced stops → voiceless stops
  • aspirated, voiced stops → voiced stops
  • Jakob Grimm 1822 (Germany)

front 7

  • Verner’s Law

back 7

  • PIE voiceless stops become voiced fricatives after an unstressed syllable
  • PIE /s/ also followed this pattern
  • Karl Verner 1877 (Netherlands)

front 8

Major Germanic Branches: (know all 3 branches and 1 language each)

back 8

  • North Germanic
      • Norwegian
      • Icelandic
      • Danish
      • Swedish
  • East Germanic
      • Gothic
  • West Germanic
    • English
    • German
    • Dutch
    • Frisian

front 9

  • Bronze Age c. 2800 - 2300 BCE

back 9

  • Battleaxe Culture developed from Corded Ware in southern Scandinavia

front 10

  • Nordic Bronze Age c. 1700 - 500 BCE

back 10

Pre-Proto-Germanic developed from PIE

front 11

  • Pre-Roman Iron Age c. 500 - 1 BCE

back 11

  • Proto-Germanic spoken
  • Jastorf Culture appears in Central Europe

front 12

  • Roman Iron Age c. 1 - 400 CE

back 12

  • Western Germanic group takes over Germania
  • Tacitus, a Roman historian, studies the Germanic tribes

front 13

  • Germanic Iron Age c. 300 - c. 10000 CE

back 13

  • (Eastern Germanic) Goths toppled the Roman Empire
    • They were pushed out of Eastern Europe by Atilla and the Huns
    • Ostrogoths and Visigoths established kingdoms in Italy & Spain
  • (West Germanic) Franks make the Carolingian Empire in Central Europe
  • (West Germanic) Angles, Saxons, Frisians, and Jutes invade Britain
    • They established the Heptarchy or Seven Kingdoms
    • Spoke Anglo-Saxon/Old English
  • (North Germanic) Norse expanded and raided England and much of Europe during the “viking age” 793-1066 CE
    • Began with the sack of Lindisfarne Abbey 793 CE
    • Established the Danelaw in England 865-954 CE