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13 notecards = 4 pages (4 cards per page)

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HOL UNIT 3

front 1

Germanic Language Definition:

back 1

Any language which may trace its lineage to a Proto-Germanic as evidenced by certain phonological markers shared by all Germanic Languages.

front 2

Northern Branch

back 2

  • Remained in Scandinavia
  • Wrote using the Elder and Younger Futhark
    • Derived from Old Italic Script

front 3

Western Branch

back 3

  • Expanded early into Central Europe
  • Maintained prolonged contact with the Northern Branch
  • Wrote using the Elder Futhark and the Anglo-Frisian Futhorc
    • Derived from Old Italic Script

front 4

Eastern Branch

back 4

  • First expanded into Gotland
  • Expanded late into Eastern Europe
  • Wrote using the Gothic Alphabet
    • Derived from the Greek Alphabet
    • Earliest Germanic texts were written in Gothic

front 5

  • Proto-Language for the Germanic Family is

back 5

  • Proto-Germanic

front 6

  • Grimm’s Law

back 6

  • PIE plosives shifted pronunciation as they developed into Proto-Germanic
  • voiceless stops → voiceless fricatives
  • voiced stops → voiceless stops
  • aspirated, voiced stops → voiced stops
  • Jakob Grimm 1822 (Germany)

front 7

  • Verner’s Law

back 7

  • PIE voiceless stops become voiced fricatives after an unstressed syllable
  • PIE /s/ also followed this pattern
  • Karl Verner 1877 (Netherlands)

front 8

Major Germanic Branches: (know all 3 branches and 1 language each)

back 8

  • North Germanic
      • Norwegian
      • Icelandic
      • Danish
      • Swedish
  • East Germanic
      • Gothic
  • West Germanic
    • English
    • German
    • Dutch
    • Frisian

front 9

  • Bronze Age c. 2800 - 2300 BCE

back 9

  • Battleaxe Culture developed from Corded Ware in southern Scandinavia

front 10

  • Nordic Bronze Age c. 1700 - 500 BCE

back 10

Pre-Proto-Germanic developed from PIE

front 11

  • Pre-Roman Iron Age c. 500 - 1 BCE

back 11

  • Proto-Germanic spoken
  • Jastorf Culture appears in Central Europe

front 12

  • Roman Iron Age c. 1 - 400 CE

back 12

  • Western Germanic group takes over Germania
  • Tacitus, a Roman historian, studies the Germanic tribes

front 13

  • Germanic Iron Age c. 300 - c. 10000 CE

back 13

  • (Eastern Germanic) Goths toppled the Roman Empire
    • They were pushed out of Eastern Europe by Atilla and the Huns
    • Ostrogoths and Visigoths established kingdoms in Italy & Spain
  • (West Germanic) Franks make the Carolingian Empire in Central Europe
  • (West Germanic) Angles, Saxons, Frisians, and Jutes invade Britain
    • They established the Heptarchy or Seven Kingdoms
    • Spoke Anglo-Saxon/Old English
  • (North Germanic) Norse expanded and raided England and much of Europe during the “viking age” 793-1066 CE
    • Began with the sack of Lindisfarne Abbey 793 CE
    • Established the Danelaw in England 865-954 CE