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[Exam 3] Axial Skeleton: Osteology & Arthrology Focus

front 1 Axial skeleton includes	back 1 Cranium Vertebral column Ribs Sternum Sacrum
front 2 Cranium	back 2 protection for head organs (eyes/nose/ears/mouth/brain...) mvt bones: occipital +temporal bones mastoid process: attachment point for muscles (sternocleidomastoid, upper trap, humeral head muscle) formal magnum: spinal cord runs in middle
front 3 Vertebrae	back 3 good design for distributing load (arches) cauda equina (horsetail) anterior: most of the weight-bearing posterior: transverse processes, laminae, particular cross-section, vestibular arch main protection, stability
front 4 cervical bones	back 4 C1-7/8

front 5 thoracic bones	back 5 T1-12
front 6 lumbar bones	back 6 L1-L5
front 7 ribs	back 7 ribcage: protect internal organs (heart) posterior: head, neck, vestibular process, turbecle 2 synovial joint: costacoperal joint + costotransverse joint ribs articulate to vertebrae
front 8 rib's don't go out	back 8 break or dislocate might feel like going out levels of anatomy hold ribs in place (transverse process + scapula head)(muscles: traps, erector spinae. intercostal muscles) words matters to people (make people feel weak)

front 9 Sternum	back 9 joints (from top to bottom0 sternoclavicular joint/clavicular facet 1st sternocostal joint (costal facet) manubriosternal joint
front 10 whole vertebral column	back 10 33 verteberal segments 7 cervical. 12 thoracic, 5 lumbar, 5 sacral, 4 coccygeal segments Top to bottom curvatures (4) cervical lordosis thoracic kyphosis lumbar lordosis sacrococcygeal kyphosis insane support
front 11 Ligament	back 11 provides insane support ligamentum flavum (innermost lig. in center) supraspinous + interspinous ligaments (between each spinous process) intertransverse ligaments (between adjacent transverse process, vertical way) anterior long. ligament: big vertical lig. on front side) posterior long ligment: big vertical lig. behind circle bone)
front 12 cervical vertebrae	back 12 atypical vert: 1(no vertebral body), 2 (odontoid process/dens) , 7 (large spinous process) look funny typical vert: 3-6 all have transverse vertebrium (vascular blood supply to brain)

front 13 Thoracic Vertebrae	back 13 Typical: T2-T9 costocorporeal joints + apophyseal joint (T6-T7) Atypical: T1, 10, 11, 12 T1: full costal facet T10-12: lack costotransverse joints (floating ribs attachment)
front 14 lumbar vertebrae	back 14 big vertibral body => larger body mass (2x as cervical) C-spine: fully vertical
front 15 Sacrum & coccyx	back 15 sacrum: where lumbar spine sits articulate with pelvis // push compressive force out to pelvis coccyx: attachment to muscles (pelvis floor)
front 16 General arthrology structure (joint)	back 16 transverse+spinous processes increase moment arms for lumbar apophyseal joint where guide intervertebral motion (railroad tracks) intervertebral disc load absorption +dispersion

front 17 General osteokienmatics: axial rotation	back 17 (torso rotate R/L) plane of motion: horizontal axis of rotation: vertical
front 18 General osteokienmatics: lateral flexion	back 18 (side2side bend) plane of motion: frontal axis of rotation: anterior-posterior
front 19 General osteokienmatics: flexion +extension	back 19 (bend forward+back) plane of motion: sagittal axis of rotation: medial-lateral
front 20 General osteokienmatics	back 20 flexion +extension lateral flexion axial rotation

front 21 what are apophyseal joints?	back 21 24 pairs of joints plane joints (slide past each other) mechanical blocks (anterior translation of vertebrae // V. past each other) prevent cutting into spinal cord more horizontal = more axial rotation (CERVICAL) less vertical = less axial rotation (thoracic/lumbar)
front 22 Structure of intervertebral discs	back 22 research on dead stuff nucleus pulposus: gel-like (70-90% of water), hydrolic shock absorber (water hard to compress), force distribution belly flops hurt annulus fibrosis: many layers, good with dealing with diff. motions, fully hydrated = can disperse pressure really well dehydrated= force go into apopseal joints (??) endcaps / endplates: low blood flow
front 23 Jelly rant	back 23 15-25 collagen rings gum stacked between tire
front 24 Spine coupling	back 24 When the spine moves in one plane, there exist automatic (obligatory) movements in another plane Muscle actions Articular alignment of facets Preexisting posture Stiffness of connective tissues Geometry

front 25 Spinal coupling in the cervical spine	back 25
front 26 Craniocervical extension (80 degrees)	back 26 convex on concave (base of skull + first vertebra) // roll + slide rest are planar (slide past each other) downward extension // decrease of space [cervical 1 upward slide of top vertebrae + top joint slides down on bottom joint+ head roll back + slide foward]
front 27 Craniocervical flexion (45-50 degrees)	back 27 downward flexion // increase of space [cervical 1 downward slide of top vertebrae top joint slides up on bottom joint head roll foward+ slide back
front 28 Rotation (35-40 degrees each side = 80 degrees both sides)	back 28 side you are turning to turning facets drop-down slide (extension) + top facets upward slide (side turning away from) turn to right extent on right + flex on left side

front 29 Side bending (40 degrees)	back 29 couple with rotation (roll top + slide bottom) decrease space + backward slide on side you're turning to (dropping to) [extension] opening + upward slide of side turning away from [flexion]
front 30 ROM of joint in craniocervical region	back 30 45 degree rotation
front 31 Thoracic kinematics	back 31 15-25 degree (more vertical = not alot of movement) mostly flexion + extension more lumbar mvt
front 32 Thoracic + sacral kinematics/movement	back 32 coupling event with sidebend+rotate side rotating toward (downward glide) + side rotate away (upward glide) not lots of rotational (rotating chest area) = protection design (facets + rib cage)

front 33 Lumbar kinematics	back 33 no/not a lot of rotation = very verticle + facets spine needs to work together
front 34 Lumbar kinematics Injury	back 34 BW creates shear force prevent movement L5 slide off sacrum: anterior longitudial ligament + apophyseal joints mvt (anterior side) common fractures by hyperextension: dancers + linemen
front 35 Lumbopelvic Rhythm	back 35 pelvis and lumbar spine move together load sharing with lumbar mvt = use whole posterior chain (ham, calve) stronger to lift in bent spine (use passive tension = muscles + lig. on stretch)
front 36 Spinal motion	back 36 Flexion: happens on cervical (most) -> lumbar -> T10-12 Rotation: shared through all // especially C1-C2 Lateral/side bend: C2-7 (most), but used with all (not a lot tho_ Thoracic not do much = ribcage anatomy

front 37 Sacroiliac Joint	back 37 synovial in children = fused as adults articular surfaces: rough, increased interlocking force transfer btn trunk + legs => HEAVY ligament support
front 38 SIJ kinematics	back 38 Nutation: BW want to create N. = help push force through system anterior sacral tilt posterior illiac tilt countemutation posterior sacral tilt anterior illiac tilt
front 39 SIJ is “out” you are in the ER or dead	back 39 pelvic ring fracture (most likely) > dislocate sacrum. ischium, ilium and pubic bone noney pathology or fall or smt with high force (car accident)