front 1 the cardiovascular system is considered as? | back 1 a closed system of the heart and blood vessels |
front 2 what pumps blood | back 2 the heart |
front 3 what allows blood to circulate to all parts of the body? | back 3 blood vessels |
front 4 what is the function of the cardiovascular system? | back 4 transports oxygen, nutrients, cell wastes, hormones to and from cells |
front 5 what size is the heart? | back 5 big as a human fist |
front 6 how much does the heart weigh? | back 6 less than a pound |
front 7 where is the heart located at? | back 7 in the thoracic cavity, between the lungs in the inferior mediastinum |
front 8 what is directed toward the left hip and rests on the diaphragm? | back 8 Apex |
front 9 Base points is? | back 9 towards right shoulder |
front 10 a double-walled sac is the? | back 10 pericardium |
front 11 what pericardium is loose and superficial? | back 11 fibrous pericardium |
front 12 what is deep to the fibrous pericardium and composed of two layers? | back 12 serous membrane |
front 13 What pericardium is the outside layer that lines the inner surface of the fibrous pericardium? | back 13 parietal pericardium |
front 14 which pericardium is next to the heart; also known as the epicardium? | back 14 Visceral pericardium |
front 15 what fills the space between the layers of pericardium ( pericardial cavity)? | back 15 serous fluid |
front 16 pericardial cavity is the? | back 16 space between the layers of pericardium |
front 17 Walls of the heart: | back 17 Epicardium Myocardium Endocardium |
front 18 what wall of the heart is the outside layer; the visceral pericardium? | back 18 Epicardium |
front 19 what wall of the heart is the middle layer and mostly has cardiac muscle? | back 19 Myocardium |
front 20 What wall of the heart is the inner layer known as endothelium? | back 20 Endocardium |
front 21 which chamber of the heart are the receiving chambers, assist with filling the ventricles, and where blood enters under low pressure? | back 21 Right and left Atria |
front 22 Which chamber of the heart is the discharging chambers, thick-walled pumps of the heart, and during contraction, blood is propelled into circulation? | back 22 Right and left ventricles |
front 23 What vessel in the heart separates the two atria lontudinally | back 23 Interatrial septum |
front 24 What vessel in the heart separates the two ventricles longitudinally? | back 24 Interventricular septum |
front 25 What carries blood away from the heart? | back 25 Arteries |
front 26 What carriers blood towards the blood? | back 26 Veins |
front 27 What side of the heart works as the pulmonary circuit pump? | back 27 Right side |
front 28 what side of the heart works as a systemic circuit pump? | back 28 Left side |
front 29 In pulmonary circulation, blood flows from the right side of the heart to the? | back 29 lungs and back to the left side of the heart. |
front 30 In pulmonary circulation, blood is pumped out of the right side through the pulmonary trunk, which splits into pulmonary arteries and takes? | back 30 oxygen-poor blood to the lungs |
front 31 In pulmonary circulation, oxygen-rich blood returns to the heart from the lungs via? | back 31 pulmonary veins |
front 32 In systemic circulation, Oxygen-rich blood returned to the left side of the heart is pumped out into? | back 32 the aorta |
front 33 In the systemic circulation, after blood is pumped out into the aorta what happens next? | back 33 Blood circulates to systemic arteries and to all body tissues |
front 34 In systemic circulation, how does oxygen-poor blood return to the right atrium? | back 34 through the systemic veins, which then empties blood into the superior or inferior vena cava. |
front 35 Why does the left ventricle have thicker walls? | back 35 because it pumps blood to the body through the systemic circuit. |
front 36 What allows blood to flow in only one direction, to prevent backflow? | back 36 Heart valves |
front 37 Where are the AV (atrioventricular valves) located at? | back 37 between atria and ventricles |
front 38 The left AV valve is the? | back 38 bicuspid (mitral) valve |
front 39 The right AV valve is the? | back 39 Tricuspid valve |
front 40 Where are the semilunar valves located at? | back 40 between the ventricle and artery |
front 41 what are the two semilunar valves? | back 41 pulmonary semilunar valve Aortic semilunar valve |
front 42 Semilunar valves are what during heart relaxation? | back 42 closed |
front 43 Semilunar valves are what during ventricular contraction? | back 43 open |
front 44 Valves open and close in response to? | back 44 pressure changing in the heart |
front 45 AV valves anchored the cusps in place by? | back 45 chordate tendineae to the walls of the ventricles |
front 46 AV valves open during heart relaxation when? | back 46 blood passively fills the chambers |
front 47 During ventricular contraction, AV valves are? | back 47 closed |
front 48 Blood in the heart does not nourish the? | back 48 myocardium |
front 49 The heart has its own nourishing circulatory system consisting of? | back 49 coronary arteries cardiac veins coronary sinus |
front 50 what branches from the aorta to supply the heart muscle with oxygenated blood? | back 50 Coronary arteries |
front 51 What drains the myocardium of blood? | back 51 Cardiac veins |
front 52 What has a large vein on the posterior of the hear; receives blood from cardiac veins | back 52 Coronary sinus |
front 53 Blood empties into the? | back 53 right atrium via the coronary sinus |
front 54 Atrial cells beat how many times per minute? | back 54 60 times |
front 55 Ventricular cells beat how many times per minute? | back 55 20-40 times |
front 56 Which muscle contracts spontaneously and independently of nerve impulses? | back 56 Cardiac muscle |
front 57 What contractions occur in a regular and continuous way? | back 57 spontaneous |
front 58 What are the two systems that regulate the heart activity? | back 58 the autonomic nervous system and the intrinsic conduction system (nodal system) |
front 59 The intrinsic conduction system's main purpose? | back 59 sets the heart rhythm ensures heart muscle depolarizes in one direction only (atria to ventricles) |
front 60 What is the Intrinsic conduction system composed of? | back 60 special nervous tissue |
front 61 The Intrinsic conduction system (nodal system) enforces a heart rate of how many per minute? | back 61 75 beats per minute |
front 62 The Sinoatrial (SA) Node in the Intrinsic conduction system of the heart is located in the? | back 62 right atrium |
front 63 The Sinoatrial (SA) Node in the Intrinsic conduction system of the heart serves as | back 63 a pacemaker |
front 64 What is at the junction of the atria and ventricles? | back 64 Atrioventricular (AV) node |
front 65 What is in the interventricular septum? | back 65 Atrioventricular (AV) bundles / Bundle of His and Bundle branches |
front 66 What spreads within the ventricle wall muscles? | back 66 Purkinje fibers |
front 67 Intrinsic conduction system of the heart first step? | back 67 The sinoatrial node (SA node) starts each heartbeat |
front 68 Intrinsic conduction system of the heart second step? | back 68 Impulse spreads through the atria to the AV node |
front 69 Intrinsic conduction system of the heart's third step? | back 69 Atria contracts |
front 70 Intrinsic conduction system of the heart's fourth step? | back 70 At the AV node, the impulse is delayed briefly. |
front 71 Intrinsic conduction system of the heart's fifth step? | back 71 The impulse travels through the AV bundle, bundle branches, and Purkinje fibers |
front 72 Intrinsic conduction system of the heart sixth step? | back 72 Ventricles contract; blood is ejected from the heart. |
front 73 Rapid heart rate, over 100 beats per minute is considered as? | back 73 Tachycardia |
front 74 slow heart rate, less than 60 beats per minute | back 74 Bradycardia |
front 75 one complete heartbeat, in which both atria and ventricles contract and then relax - this is referred to as. | back 75 cardiac cycle |
front 76 Systole is referred to as? | back 76 contraction |
front 77 Diastole is referred to as? | back 77 relaxation |
front 78 Approximately what is the average heart rate? | back 78 75 beats per minute |
front 79 Cardiac cycle length is normally how many seconds? | back 79 0.8 seconds |
front 80 Atrial diastole (ventricular filling) characteristics | back 80 heart is relaxed pressure in the heart is low Atrioventricular valves are open Blood flows passively into the atria and into the ventricles semilunar valves are closed |
front 81 Atrial systole characteristics | back 81 Ventricles remain in diastole Atria contract Blood is forced into the ventricles to complete ventricular filling |
front 82 Isovolumetric contraction characteristics | back 82 Atrial systole ends; ventricular systole begins Intraventricular pressure rises AV valves close For a moment, the ventricles are completely closed chambers |
front 83 Ventricular systole ( ejection phase ) characteristics | back 83 Ventricles continue to contract Intraventricular pressure now surpasses the pressure in the major arteries leaving the heart. Semilunar valves open Blood is ejected from the ventricles Atria are relaxed and filling with blood |
front 84 Isovolumetric relaxation characteristics | back 84 ventricular diastole begins pressure falls below that in the major arteries Semilunar valve close For another moment, the ventricles are completely closed chambers When atrial pressure increases above intraventricular pressure, the AV valves open |
front 85 (Heart sounds) having a longer, louder heart sound caused by the closing of the AV valves is called? | back 85 Lub |
front 86 (Heart sound) short, sharp heart sound caused by the closing of the semilunar valves at the end of ventricular systole is called? | back 86 Dup |
front 87 What is the amount of blood pumped by each side (ventricle) of the heart in 1 minute is called | back 87 Cardiac output (CO) |
front 88 the volume of blood pumped by each ventricle in one contraction (each heartbeat) is called? | back 88 Stroke volume (SV) |
front 89 About how many ml of blood is pumped out of the left ventricle with each heartbeat? | back 89 70 ml |
front 90 What is the typical heart rate? (HR) | back 90 75 beats per minute |
front 91 the product of the heart rate (HR) and the stroke volume (SV) is called? | back 91 Cardiac output |
front 92 how much percent of blood in the ventricles is pumped with each heartbeat? | back 92 60 |
front 93 - the critical factor controlling SV is how much cardiac muscle is stretched - the more cardiac muscle is stretched, the stronger the contraction This is called? | back 93 the Starling's law of the heart |
front 94 what is the important factor influencing the stretch of the heart muscle? | back 94 Venous return |
front 95 the sympathetic nervous system does what to the heart? | back 95 speeds the heart rate |
front 96 The parasympathetic nervous system, primarily vagus nerve, does what to the heart | back 96 slows and steady the heart rate. |
front 97 Epinephrine and Thyroxine are the hormones that do what to the heart? | back 97 it will speed up the heart |
front 98 Excess or lack of what will modify the heart activity? | back 98 Calcium, sodium, and potassium ion |
front 99 What are the physical factors that affects the heart rate? | back 99 age, gender, exercise, body temperature |
front 100 What are the vessels that carry blood away from the heart? | back 100 Arteries and arterioles |
front 101 what are the vessels that play a role in exchanges between tissue and blood? | back 101 Capillary beds |
front 102 Vessels that return blood toward the heart are? | back 102 Venules and veins |
front 103 What forms a closed vascular system that transports blood to the tissues and back to the heart? | back 103 blood vessels |
front 104 Layers in blood vessels are called? | back 104 Tunics |
front 105 Tunica intima forms a friction-reducing lining this is called | back 105 Endothelium |
front 106 smooth muscle and elastic tissue controlled by sympathetic nervous system which Tunica is this? | back 106 Tunica Media |
front 107 The tunica that forms the protective outermost covering is? | back 107 Tunica externa |
front 108 The tunica is mostly fibrous connective tissue and supports and protects vessels is? | back 108 Tunica Externa |
front 109 What has a heavier, stronger, stretchier tunica media than veins to withstand changes in pressure? | back 109 Arteries |
front 110 What has a thinner tunica media than arteries and operates under lower pressure? | back 110 Veins |
front 111 Veins also have valves to prevent what of blood? | back 111 backflow |
front 112 Capillaries: | back 112 only one cell layer thick (tunica intima) Allows for exchanges between blood and tissue Form networks called capillary beds that consist of: -a vascular shunt - true capillaries |
front 113 blood flow through a capillary bed is known as? | back 113 microcirculation |
front 114 What branches off a terminal arteriole, empties directly into a postcapillary venule, and entrances to capillary beds that are guarded by precapillary sphincters? | back 114 True capillaries |
front 115 What is the largest artery in the body and leaves from the left ventricle of the heart? | back 115 Aorta |
front 116 what leaves the left ventricle? | back 116 Ascending aorta |
front 117 The aortic arch arches to the? | back 117 left |
front 118 what travels downward through the thorax? | back 118 Thoracic aorta |
front 119 what passes through the diaphragm into the abdominopelvic cavity? | back 119 Abdominal aorta |
front 120 What arteries serve the heart? | back 120 the right and left coronary artery |
front 121 The Brachiocephalic trunk splits into the? | back 121 right common carotid artery and right subclavian artery |
front 122 The left common carotid artery splits into the? | back 122 Left internal and external carotid arteries. |
front 123 The left subclavian artery branches into the? | back 123 Vertebral artery and ect.... |
front 124 Intercostal arteries supply the muscles of the? | back 124 thorax wall |
front 125 Other branches of the thoracic aorta supply the? | back 125 Lungs Esophagus Diaphragm |
front 126 What is the first branch of the abdominal aorta? | back 126 Celiac trunk |
front 127 The left gastric artery is the? | back 127 stomach |
front 128 The splenic artery is the? | back 128 spleen |
front 129 The common hepatic artery is the? | back 129 liver |
front 130 What supplies most of the small intestine and the first half of the large intestine? | back 130 Superior mesenteric artery |
front 131 The left and right renal arteries are the? | back 131 kidneys |
front 132 The left and right gonadal arteries are the? | back 132 Ovarian and Testicular arteries. |
front 133 Which arteries serve muscles of the abdomen and trunk? | back 133 Lumbar arteries |
front 134 Which artery serves the second half of the large intestine? | back 134 Inferior mesenteric artery |
front 135 what arteries are the final branches of the aorta? | back 135 left and right common iliac arteries. |
front 136 Internal iliac arteries serve the? | back 136 pelvic organs |
front 137 Externa iliac arteries enter the? | back 137 thigh -> femoral artery -> popliteal artery -> anterior and posterior tibial arteries. |
front 138 The superior and inferior vena cava enter the? | back 138 right atrium of the heart. |
front 139 Which vena cava drains the head and arms? | back 139 Superior vena cava |
front 140 Which vena cava drains the lower body? | back 140 Inferior vena cava |
front 141 which vein drains the lateral aspect of the arm? | back 141 cephalic vein |
front 142 What vein drains the medial aspect of the arm and empties into the brachial vein? | back 142 Basilic vein |
front 143 Basilic and cephalic vein are joined as the? | back 143 Medial cubital vein (elbow area) |
front 144 Subclavian vein receives? | back 144 Venous blood from the arm via the axillary vein Venous blood from skin and muscles via external jugular vein |
front 145 Which vein drains the posterior part of the head? | back 145 Vertebral vein |
front 146 which vein drains the dural sinuses of the brain? | back 146 Internal jugular vein |
front 147 Left and right brachiocephalic veins receive venous blood from the: | back 147 Subclavian vein Vertebral vein Internal jugular vein |
front 148 Azygos vein drains the? | back 148 thorax |
front 149 what are the veins that drains the legs? | back 149 Anterior and Posterior tibial veins and fibial veins |
front 150 Which veins receive superficial drainage of the legs? | back 150 Great saphenous veins |
front 151 What vein drains the right ovary in females and the right testicle in males? | back 151 right gonadal vein |
front 152 Which vein empties into the left renal vein? | back 152 Left gonadal vein |
front 153 The left and right renal veins drain the? | back 153 kidneys |
front 154 Which vein drains the digestive organs and travels through the liver before it enters systemic circulation? | back 154 Hepatic portal vein |
front 155 The left and right hepatic veins drain what organ? | back 155 the liver |
front 156 which arteries supply most of the cerebrum? | back 156 Anterior and middle cerebral arteries |
front 157 Which arteries join once within the skull to form the basilar artery? | back 157 Vertebral arteries |
front 158 Which artery serves the brainstem and cerebellum? | back 158 Basilar artery. |
front 159 Posterior cerebral arteries form from the division of the? | back 159 Basilar artery |
front 160 Anterior and posterior blood supplies are united by ? | back 160 small communicating arterial banches |
front 161 small communicating arterial branches results to? | back 161 cerebral arterial circle, or circle of Willis |
front 162 Hepatic portal circulation is formed by? | back 162 veins draining the digestive organs, which empty into the hepatic portal vein |
front 163 Measurements of arterial pulse, blood pressure, respiratory rate, and body temperature is called? | back 163 Vital signs |
front 164 what is an arterial pulse? | back 164 a measurement of the heart's contraction rate. |
front 165 What is blood pressure? | back 165 the pressure blood exerts against the inner walls of the blood vessels and the force that causes blood to continue to flow in the blood vessels |
front 166 pressure in the arteries at the peak of ventricular contraction is called? | back 166 systolic pressure |
front 167 Pressure when ventricles relax is called? | back 167 Diastolic pressure. |
front 168 What is the indirect method of measuring systemic arterial blood pressure, most often in the brachial artery? | back 168 Auscultatory method |
front 169 The amount of blood pumped out of the left ventricle per minute is called? | back 169 cardiac output |
front 170 The amount of friction blood encounters as it flows through vessels is called? | back 170 Peripheral resistance |
front 171 which part of the nervous system has little to no effect on blood pressure? | back 171 Parasympathetic nervous system |
front 172 Which part of the nervous system promotes vasoconstriction which increases blood pressure? | back 172 Sympathetic nervous system. |
front 173 The kidneys regulate blood pressure by? | back 173 altering blood volume |
front 174 What does the kidney do if the blood pressure is too high? | back 174 release water in the urine |
front 175 What do the kidneys do if the blood pressure is too low? | back 175 release renin to trigger formation of angiotensin II, a vasoconstrictor. |
front 176 Angiotensin II stimulates the release of aldosterone which? | back 176 enhances sodium (and water) reabsorption by kidneys |
front 177 a diet low in salt, saturated fats, and cholesterol prevents? | back 177 hypertension (high blood pressuree) |
front 178 Systolic pressure ranges from? | back 178 110 to 140 mm Hh |
front 179 Does diastolic pressure range from? | back 179 70 to 80 mm Hg |
front 180 Hypotension is? | back 180 low blood pressure (below 100mm Hg) |
front 181 Hypertension is? | back 181 High blood pressure (140/90 mm Hg) |
front 182 Substances take various routes entering or leaving the blood | back 182 1. direct diffusion through membranes 2. diffusion through intercellular clefts (gaps between cells in the capillary wall) 3. diffusion through pores of fenestrated capillaries 4. Transport via vesicles |
front 183 what are the two pressure factors that affect fluid movement out of or into a capillary? | back 183 Blood pressure and Osmotic pressue |
front 184 what type of pressure draws fluid into capillaries? | back 184 Osmotic pressure |
front 185 what type of pressure forces fluid and solutes out of capillaries? | back 185 Blood Pressure |
front 186 Blood pressure is HIGHER than osmotic pressure at the? | back 186 arterial end of the capillary bed |
front 187 Blood pressure is LOWER than osmotic pressure at the? | back 187 venous end of the capillary bed? |
front 188 The heart develops as a simple tube and pumps blood by what week of pregnancy? | back 188 week 4 |
front 189 The heart becomes a four-chambered organ capable of acting as a double pump over the next how many weeks? | back 189 next 3 weeks? |
front 190 What is the function of the umbilical cord? | back 190 carries nutrients and oxygen from maternal blood to fetal blood fetal wastes move from fetal blood to maternal blood |
front 191 Which carries nutrient- and oxygen-rich blood to the fetus? | back 191 One umbilical vein |
front 192 Which carries wastes and carbon dioxide-rich blood from the fetus to the placenta? | back 192 two umbilical arteries. |
front 193 What is present in a fetus when bypassing the lungs and liver? | back 193 Shunts |
front 194 Blood entering the right atrium is shunted directly into the left atrium through the? | back 194 foramen ovale |
front 195 what connects the aorta and pulmonary trunk? | back 195 Ductus arteriosus |
front 196 Age-related problems associated with the cardiovascular system include: | back 196 weakening of venous valves varicose veins progressive arteriosclerosis hypertension resulting from loss of elasticity of vessels Coronary artery disease resulting from fatty, calcified deposits in the vessels. |