The body compensates for metabolic alkalosis by

1. hypoventilation.
2. decreasing arterial carbon dioxide.
3. increasing bicarbonate ion excretion.
4. hyperventilation.

hypoventilation.

A bone disorder that results from insufficient vitamin D is referred to as

1. rickets.
2. osteoporosis.
3. osteomalacia.
4. subluxation.

osteomalacia

Upper extremity weakness in association with degeneration of CNS neurons is characteristic of

1. multiple sclerosis.
2. Guillain-Barré syndrome.
3. myasthenia gravis.
4. amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.

amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.

Low cardiac output in association with high preload is characteristic of ________ shock.

1. hypovolemic
2. cardiogenic
3. anaphylactic
4. septic

cardiogenic

Treatment for hemophilia A includes

1. heparin administration.
2. factor IX replacement.
3. factor VIII replacement.
4. platelet transfusion.

factor VIII replacement.

What compensatory sign would be expected during periods of physical exertion in a patient with limited ventricular stroke volume?

1. Hypotension
2. Bradycardia
3. Aortic regurgitation
4. Tachycardia

Tachycardia

High blood pressure increases the workload of the left ventricle, because it increases

1. stroke volume.
2. blood volume.
3. preload.
4. afterload.

afterload

A viral hepatitis screen with positive hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) should be interpreted as ________ hepatitis B.

1. recovered from
2. immunity to
3. chronic active
4. acute

acute

In individuals who have asthma, exposure to an allergen to which they are sensitized leads to which pathophysiologic event?

1. Loss of alveolar elastin and premature closure of airways
2. Pulmonary edema and decreased alveolar compliance
3. Mast cell degranulation that causes decreased surfactant
4. Inflammation, mucosal edema, and bronchoconstriction

Inflammation, mucosal edema, and bronchoconstriction

A laboratory test that should be routinely monitored in patients receiving digitalis therapy is

1. serum sodium.
2. albumin level.
3. serum potassium.
4. serum calcium.

serum potassium.

Glomerular disorders include

1. pyelonephritis.
2. obstructive uropathy.
3. interstitial cystitis.
4. nephrotic syndrome.

nephrotic syndrome.

enal insufficiency is a common complication of which disease?

1. Chronic myeloid leukemia (CML)
2. Chronic lymphoid leukemia (CLL)
3. Myeloma
4. Hodgkin disease

Myeloma

While in the hospital for management of acute lymphoid leukemia (ALL), a patient develops severe thrombocytopenia. The most appropriate action for this condition is

1. anticoagulant therapy.
2. chemotherapy.
3. activity restriction.
4. isolation.

activity restriction.

The condition associated with end-stage chronic renal disease that is the most immediately life threatening is

1. azotemia.
2. increased creatinine.
3. hypertension.
4. hyperkalemia.

hyperkalemia

Myasthenia gravis is an autoimmune disease in which

1. neuronal demyelination disrupts nerve transmission.
2. muscles become increasingly bulky but weakened.
3. acetylcholine receptors are destroyed or dysfunctional.
4. acetylcholine release from motor neurons is disrupted.

acetylcholine receptors are destroyed or dysfunctional.

A person who is diagnosed with nephrotic syndrome is also experiencing hypoalbuminemia. This happens because

1. hepatocyte failure decreases albumin synthesis.
2. albumin is excreted in the urine.
3. albumin leaks into the interstitial spaces.
4. malnutrition is part of nephrotic syndrome.

albumin is excreted in the urine.

Venous obstruction leads to edema because it ________ pressure.

1. increases capillary oncotic
2. increases arterial blood
3. decreases tissue
4. increases capillary hydrostatic

increases capillary hydrostatic

In contrast to all other types of shock, the hyperdynamic phase of septic shock is associated with

1. high afterload.
2. low cardiac output.
3. high cardiac output.
4. reduced contractility.

high cardiac output.