Instructions for Side by Side Printing
- Print the notecards
- Fold each page in half along the solid vertical line
- Cut out the notecards by cutting along each horizontal dotted line
- Optional: Glue, tape or staple the ends of each notecard together
Bio exam 2
front 1 Cellular membranes are fluid mosaics of what? | back 1 Lipids and proteins |
front 2 What are the must abundant lipids in the plasma membrane? | back 2 Phospholipids |
front 3 What does amphipathic mean? | back 3 having both a hydrophobic and hydrophillic region. |
front 4 What does a phospholipid bilayer do? | back 4 creates a stable boundary between 2 aqueous compartments |
front 5 Describe a phospholipid | back 5 hydrophilic head and hydrophobic tail |
front 6 What role does cholesterol play on the movement of phospholipids? | back 6 It lowers it movement |
front 7 What are the 2 types of membrane proteins? | back 7 Peripheral(outside the cell membrane) and integral(inside the cell membrane) |
front 8 What is a glycoprotein? | back 8 are proteins and carbs covalently bonded. They help with a variety of functions. |
front 9 What is a gylcolipid? | back 9 are lipids and carbs covalently bonded. Help maintain the stability of the cell and facilitate cellular recognition. |
front 10 What controls how the cell exchanges materials with its surroundings? | back 10 Plasma membrane |
front 11 What permeability are plasma membranes? | back 11 Selectively permeable |
front 12 What are transport proteins? | back 12 they allow passage of hydrophilic substances across the membrane |
front 13 What do channel proteins called aquaporins do? | back 13 facilitate the passage of water |
front 14 What does a carrier protein do? | back 14 they bind to molecules and change shape to shuttle them across the membrane |
front 15 Know the types of membrane transport. | back 15  Active vs passive |
front 16 What is osmosis? | back 16 the diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane. Water diffuses from low to high concentrations. |
front 17 What is isotonic, hypertonic, and hypotonic | back 17  isotonic - no net water movement hypertonic - water leaves the cell hypotonic - water comes into the cell |
front 18 What is tonicity? | back 18 the ability of a surrounding solution to cause a cell to gain or lose water |
front 19 What is osmoregulation? | back 19 the control of solute concentrations and water balance |
front 20 Active transport requires energy from what? | back 20 ATP |
front 21 The sodium postassium pump is a type of what transport? | back 21 Active transport |
front 22 What is exocytosis? | back 22 transport vesicles migrate to the membrane, fuse with it, and release their contents outside the cell |
front 23 What is endocytosis? | back 23 the cell takes in macromolecules by forming vesicles from the plasma membrane |
front 24 What are the 3 types of endocytosis? | back 24 1. Phagocytosis (“cellular eating”) 3.endocytosis |
front 25 What is metabolism? | back 25 the chemical process in the cells of living organisms that allow them to convert food and drink into energy and waste |
front 26 What is a catabolic pathway? | back 26 release energy by breaking down complex molecules into simpler compounds |
front 27 What is an anabolic pathway? | back 27 consume energy to build complex molecules from simpler ones |
front 28 What are some of the forms of energy? | back 28 Kinetic, heat(thermal), potential, and chemical |
front 29 What is thermodynamics? | back 29 The study of energy transformation |
front 30 What is the first law of thermodynamics? | back 30 Energy can be transferred and transformed, but it cannot be created or destroyed |
front 31 What is the second law of thermodynamics? | back 31 Every energy transfer or transformation increases the entropy (disorder) of the universe |
front 32 What is entrophy? | back 32 The measure of disorder |
front 33 What does the free energy of reactions tell us? | back 33 If the reaction is spontaneous |
front 34 What does spontaneous mean? | back 34 energetically favorable |
front 35 What is the equation for Gibbs free energy? | back 35  energy that can do work when temperature and pressure are uniform |
front 36 What is a exogenic reaction? | back 36 proceeds with a net release of free energy and is spontaneous |
front 37 What is endogenic reaction? | back 37 absorbs free energy from its surroundings and is nonspontaneous |
front 38 When a reaction equals equilibrium will they do work? | back 38 No |
front 39 What are the 3 main kinds of work that a cell does? | back 39 Chemical, transport, mechanical |
front 40 What is ATP made of? | back 40 3 phosphate groups, adenine, and ribose |
front 41 How does ATP regenerate? | back 41 The ATP cycle is a revolving door through which energy passes during its transfer from catabolic to anabolic pathways. (Goes from ATP to ADP) |
front 42 What is a catalyst? | back 42 chemical agent that speeds up a reaction without being consumed by the reaction |
front 43 What is an enzyme? | back 43 A catalytic protein that lowers activation energy |
front 44 What is the reactant that an enzyme act on? | back 44 substrate |
front 45 How is an enzyme substrate complex formed? | back 45 when an enzyme binds to its substrate |
front 46 What are cofactors? | back 46 they are non-protein enzyme helpers |
front 47 What is an organic cofactor called? | back 47 coenzyme |
front 48 What are competitive inhibitors? | back 48 they bind to the active site of an enzyme, competing with the substrate |
front 49 What are noncompetitive inhibitors? | back 49 bind to another part of an enzyme, causing the enzyme to change shape and making the active site less effective |
front 50 What is allosteric regulation? | back 50 occurs when a regulatory molecule binds to a protein at one site and affects the protein’s function at another site |
front 51 What is cooperativity? | back 51 a form of allosteric regulation that can amplify enzyme activity |
front 52 What are some functions of membrane proteins? | back 52 cell-cell recognition, intercellular joining, enzymatic activity, and transport |
front 53 Where are carbs found in the fluid mosiac model of the plasma membrane? | back 53 On the outside surface of the membrane. |
front 54 Where is cholesterol found in the fluid mosiac model of the plasma membrane? | back 54 The interior of the membrane |
front 55 Describe passive transport. | back 55 permits the solute to move in either direction, but the net movement of solute molecules occurs down the concentration gradient of the molecule. |
front 56 Does facilitated diffusion need energy (ATP)? | back 56 No |
front 57 What do electrogenic pumps do? | back 57 Create a voltage difference across the membrane |
front 58 Know the fluid mosaic model. | back 58  |
front 59 Simple vs facilitated diffusion. | back 59 Simple moves small, non polar molecules |
front 60 Know the gibbs free energy equation and what they mean. | back 60  |
front 61 Does the sign and magnitude of the ΔG of a reaction tell us about the speed of the reaction? | back 61 No, it has nothing to do with the speed of the reaction |
front 62 The majority of spontaneous reactions ________ the entropy of the system. | back 62 increase |
front 63 What does photosynthesis do? | back 63 converts the energy of sunlight into chemical energy stored in sugars. |
front 64 What are the differences between autotrophs and heterotrophs | back 64 autotrophs produce their own food form co2 while heterotrophs are unable to make their own food and live on compounds produced by others. |
front 65 Where does photosynthesis occur? | back 65 In the chloroplast organelles containing thylakoids |
front 66 What is the photosynthesis equation | back 66  |
front 67 Why is photosynthesis know as a redox reaction? | back 67 Because H2O is oxidized and CO2 is reduced |
front 68 Explain the light reaction that happens in photosynthesis | back 68 the thylakoid membranes split water, releasing O2, producing ATP, and forming NADPH. |
front 69 Explain the dark reaction (calvin cycle) that happens in photosynthesis | back 69 in the stroma forms sugar from CO2, using ATP for energy and NADPH for reducing power. |
front 70 Photosystem II contains what chlorophyll a molecule | back 70 P680 |
front 71 Photosystem I contains what chlorophyll a molecule | back 71 P700 |
front 72 What comes first photosystem I or II | back 72 Photosystem II |
front 73 What are the 3 steps of the calvin cycle? | back 73 1. carbon fixation 2. Reduction 3. Regeneration of CO2 acceptor |
front 74 How does CO2 enter the plant | back 74 Through the stoma |
front 75 What is the role of NADP+ in photosynthesis? | back 75 It forms NADPH to be used in the calvin cycle |
front 76 What does pigments do in photosynthesis | back 76 Capture light energy |
front 77 Where do the electrons entering photosystem II come from? | back 77 water |
front 78 Know the model for photosynthesis | back 78  |
front 79 Both mitochondria and chloroplasts | back 79 use chemiosmosis to produce atp |
front 80 What is the role of NADP+ in photosynthesis? | back 80 It is reduced then carries electrons to the calvin cycle |
front 81 Which of the following occurs during the Calvin cycle? | back 81 ATP is hydrolyzed and NADPH is reduced and CO2 is reduced |
front 82 What is rubisco? | back 82 the enzyme in plants that captures CO2 to begin the Calvin cycle |
front 83 What are the correct order of the three phases of Calvin cycle. | back 83 Carbon fixation → Glyceraldehyde-3-Phosphate synthesis → Ribulose BisPhosphate regeneration |
front 84 What is the cell signaling pathway | back 84  1. Signal reception 2. Signal transduction 3. Cellular response |
front 85 What are the 3 major types of cell recptors? | back 85 G protein coupled receptors, Receptor tyrosine kinase, and Ligand gated ion channels |
front 86 Compare fermentation to cellular respiration? | back 86 Fermentation is a process that results in the partial degradation of glucose without the use of oxygen O2. The process of cellular respiration is a more complete breakdown of glucose. |
front 87 What is oxidation? | back 87 The total or partial loss of electrons |
front 88 What is reduction? | back 88 The total or partial addition of electrons |
front 89 What are the 3 stages of aerobic respiration? | back 89 1. glycosis 2. pyruvate oxidation and the citric acid cycle 3. oxidative phosphorylation |
front 90 Describe the first step of glycosis. | back 90 glucose is broken down into 2 pyruvate molecules and s net ATP/ 2 NADH. |
front 91 Describe the citric acid cycle. | back 91 pyruvate enters the mitochondrion and is oxidized to acetyl CoA. -ATP, CO2, NADH, and FADH2 is outputted. |
front 92 Describe the electron transport chain? | back 92 NADH and FADH2 transfer electrons to the electron transport chain. Electrons move down the chain, losing energy in several energy-releasing steps. Finally, electrons are passed to O2, reducing it to H2O. |
front 93 About how many ATP are produced after the electron transport chain? | back 93 32 |
front 94 What are the 2 common types of fermentation | back 94 alcohol fermentation and lactic acid fermentation. |
front 95 Most of the ATP produced in cellular respiration comes from which of the following processes? | back 95 Oxidative phosphorylation |
front 96 Where do the reactions of glycolysis occur in a eukaryotic cell? | back 96 The cytosol |
front 97 What are the products of glycosis? | back 97 pyruvate, ATP and NADH |
front 98 Arrange the following stages of cellular respiration from the lowest to the highest on the basis of the total amount of ATP produced per molecule of glucose. | back 98 Pyruvic acid oxidation, Krebs cycle, Glycolysis, Oxidative phosphorylation |
front 99 Which of the following molecules in the process of glycolysis possesses the most chemical energy? | back 99 Fructose-1,6-bisphosphate |