front 1 1) Which of the following is a major trend in land plant evolution?
A) the trend toward smaller size D) the trend toward larger gametophytes | back 1 C |
front 2 2) Which of the following lines of evidence would best support your
assertion that a particular plant is an angiosperm? C) It lacks gametangia. | back 2 C |
front 3 3) Which of the following characteristics is functionally important
in cells of the gametophytes of both angiosperms and
gymnosperms? C) endosperm | back 3 B |
front 4 4) In addition to seeds, which of the following characteristics is
unique to the seed-producing plants? C) pollen | back 4 C |
front 5 5) Suppose that the cells of seed plants, like the cells of human
skin, produce a pigment upon increased exposure to ultraviolet
radiation. Rank the following cells, from greatest to least, in terms
of the likelihood of producing this pigment. B) epidermal cells of sporophyte megaphylls, cells of a
gametophyte, cells in the interior of a subterranean root, cells of a
megasporangium | back 5 C |
front 6 6) Arrange the following in the correct sequence, from earliest to
most recent, in which these plant traits originated. B) sporophyte dominance, gametophyte dependence; sporophyte
dominance, gametophyte independence; gametophyte dominance, sporophyte
dependence D) gametophyte dominance, sporophyte dependence; sporophyte dominance, gametophyte independence; sporophyte dominance, gametophyte dependence | back 6 D |
front 7 7) In seed plants, which of the following is part of a pollen grain
and has a function most like that of the seed coat? C) stigma | back 7 B |
front 8 8) In terms of alternation of generations, the internal parts of the
pollen grains of seed-producing plants are most similar to a
________. C) fern sporophyte | back 8 D |
front 9 9) A researcher has developed two stains for use with seed plants.
One stains sporophyte tissue blue; the other stains gametophyte tissue
red. If the researcher exposes pollen grains to both stains, and then
rinses away the excess stain, what should occur? B) The pollen grains will be pure blue. D) The pollen grains will have blue interiors and red exteriors. | back 9 C |
front 10 10) Which of the following sex and generation combinations directly
produces the pollen tube of angiosperms? C) male sporophyte | back 10 A |
front 11 11) The advantages of the reduced gametophytes in seed plants include
________. | back 11 B |
front 12 12) The advantages of seeds, compared to spores, include ________. A) using wind as a dispersal agent D) providing nutrition for animals | back 12 B |
front 13 13) Unlike almost all ferns, seed plants ________. A) produce two kinds of spores D) can photosynthesize | back 13 A |
front 14 14) One day, you go outside and see that the cars on the street are
covered in a yellow "dust." Which of the following
statements can be correctly applied to this "dust"? C) The dust is the seed production of ferns and is so abundant
because the seeds are tiny and take very little energy to
produce. | back 14 A |
front 15 15) The closest relatives of the familiar pine and spruce trees are ________. A) ferns, horsetails, lycophytes, and club mosses D) elms, maples, and aspens | back 15 C |
front 16 16) Spruces and pines both have needlelike leaves, with the adaptive advantage of ________. A) increased surface area, increasing photosynthesis D) decreased surface area, reducing water loss | back 16 D |
front 17 17) Which of the following statements correctly describes a portion of the pine life cycle? A) Female gametophytes use mitosis to produce eggs. D) A pollen tube slowly digests its way through the triploid endosperm. | back 17 A |
front 18 18) Which of the following statements about the pine life cycle is
accurate? C) Double fertilization is a relatively common phenomenon. | back 18 D |
front 19 19) Within a gymnosperm megasporangium, which of the following
developmental sequences is correct, assuming fertilization
occurs? C) sporophyte embryo, megaspore, egg cell, female gametophyte D) sporophyte embryo, megaspore, female gametophyte, egg cell | back 19 A |
front 20 20) Arrange the following structures, which can be found on male pine trees, from the largest structure to the smallest structure (or from most inclusive to least inclusive). A) sporophyte, pollen cone, microsporangia, microspores, pollen
nuclei C) pollen cone, sporophyte, microspores, microsporangia, pollen nuclei D) pollen cone, microsporangia, microspores, pollen nuclei, sporophyte | back 20 A |
front 21 21) Which of the following sex and generation combinations most
directly produces the integument of a pine seed? C) male sporophyte | back 21 D |
front 22 22) Which of the following sex and generation combinations directly
produces the megasporangium of pine ovules? C) male sporophyte | back 22 D |
front 23 23) Use the information to answer the following question. The cycads, a mostly tropical phylum of gymnosperms, evolved about 300 million years ago and were dominant forms during the age of the dinosaurs. Though their sperm are flagellated, their ovules are pollinated by beetles. These beetles get nutrition from the pollen and shelter from the microsporophylls. Upon visiting megasporophylls, the beetles transfer pollen to the exposed ovules. In cycads, pollen cones and seed cones are borne on different plants. Cycads synthesize neurotoxins, especially in the seeds, that are effective against most animals, including humans. Which feature of cycads distinguishes them from most other gymnosperms? A) They have exposed ovules. D) They have flagellated sperm and they are pollinated by animals. | back 23 D |
front 24 24) Use the information to answer the following question. The cycads, a mostly tropical phylum of gymnosperms, evolved about 300 million years ago and were dominant forms during the age of the dinosaurs. Though their sperm are flagellated, their ovules are pollinated by beetles. These beetles get nutrition from the pollen and shelter from the microsporophylls. Upon visiting megasporophylls, the beetles transfer pollen to the exposed ovules. In cycads, pollen cones and seed cones are borne on different plants. Cycads synthesize neurotoxins, especially in the seeds, that are effective against most animals, including humans. On the Pacific island of Guam, large herbivorous bats called
"flying foxes" commonly feed on cycad seeds, a potent source
of neurotoxins. The flying foxes do not visit male cones.
Consequently, which of the following statements should be
accurate? B) Flying foxes are highly susceptible to the effects of the
neurotoxins because the toxin attacks the action of the central
nervous system. | back 24 D |
front 25 25) Use the information to answer the following question. The cycads, a mostly tropical phylum of gymnosperms, evolved about 300 million years ago and were dominant forms during the age of the dinosaurs. Though their sperm are flagellated, their ovules are pollinated by beetles. These beetles get nutrition from the pollen and shelter from the microsporophylls. Upon visiting megasporophylls, the beetles transfer pollen to the exposed ovules. In cycads, pollen cones and seed cones are borne on different plants. Cycads synthesize neurotoxins, especially in the seeds, that are effective against most animals, including humans. On the Pacific island of Guam, large herbivorous bats called
"flying foxes" commonly feed on cycad seeds, a potent source
of neurotoxins. The flying foxes do not visit male cones. Which of the
following proposed studies would be worth investigating next? B) investigating the mechanism of action of the neurotoxin on the bats C) investigating the mechanism of action of the neurotoxin on the beetles D) measuring the effect of the neurotoxin on a nectar-feeding bat | back 25 A |
front 26 26) Use the information to answer the following question. The Brazil nut tree, Bertholletia excels (n = 17), is native to tropical rain forests of South America. It is a hardwood tree that can grow to over 50 meters tall, a source of high-quality lumber, and a favorite nesting site for harpy eagles. As the rainy season ends, tough-walled fruits, each containing 8-25 seeds (Brazil nuts), fall to the forest floor. Brazil nuts are composed primarily of endosperm. About $50 million worth of nuts are harvested each year. Scientists have discovered that the pale yellow flowers of Brazil nut trees cannot fertilize themselves and admit only female orchid bees as pollinators. The agouti (Dasyprocta spp.), a cat-sized rodent, is the only animal with teeth strong enough to crack the hard wall of Brazil nut fruits. It typically eats some of the seeds, buries others, and leaves still others inside the fruit, which moisture can then enter and allow the remaining seeds to germinate. Orchid bees are to Brazil nut trees as ________ are to pine trees.
A) breezes D) squirrels | back 26 A |
front 27 27) Use the information to answer the following question. The Brazil nut tree, Bertholletia excels (n = 17), is native to tropical rain forests of South America. It is a hardwood tree that can grow to over 50 meters tall, a source of high-quality lumber, and a favorite nesting site for harpy eagles. As the rainy season ends, tough-walled fruits, each containing 8-25 seeds (Brazil nuts), fall to the forest floor. Brazil nuts are composed primarily of endosperm. About $50 million worth of nuts are harvested each year. Scientists have discovered that the pale yellow flowers of Brazil nut trees cannot fertilize themselves and admit only female orchid bees as pollinators. The agouti (Dasyprocta spp.), a cat-sized rodent, is the only animal with teeth strong enough to crack the hard wall of Brazil nut fruits. It typically eats some of the seeds, buries others, and leaves still others inside the fruit, which moisture can then enter and allow the remaining seeds to germinate. The large white part of a Brazil nut that people eat serves which of
the following functions in nature? C) It serves as protection for the embryo from agoutis looking for food. D) It provides a water source for the developing embryo. | back 27 B |
front 28 28) Use the information to answer the following question. The Brazil nut tree, Bertholletia excels (n = 17), is native to tropical rain forests of South America. It is a hardwood tree that can grow to over 50 meters tall, a source of high-quality lumber, and a favorite nesting site for harpy eagles. As the rainy season ends, tough-walled fruits, each containing 8-25 seeds (Brazil nuts), fall to the forest floor. Brazil nuts are composed primarily of endosperm. About $50 million worth of nuts are harvested each year. Scientists have discovered that the pale yellow flowers of Brazil nut trees cannot fertilize themselves and admit only female orchid bees as pollinators. The agouti (Dasyprocta spp.), a cat-sized rodent, is the only animal with teeth strong enough to crack the hard wall of Brazil nut fruits. It typically eats some of the seeds, buries others, and leaves still others inside the fruit, which moisture can then enter and allow the remaining seeds to germinate. Predict the most likely outcome to the population of Brazil nut
trees if a disease decimated the agouti population. B) The population of large Brazil nut trees would decline
immediately, and the population of new seedlings would likely decrease
in the future. | back 28 C |
front 29 29) Many mammals have skins and mucous membranes that are sensitive
to phenolic secretions of plants like poison oak (Rhus). These
secondary compounds are primarily adaptations that ________. B) foster seed dispersal C) decrease competition D) inhibit herbivory | back 29 D |
front 30 30) Use the information to answer the following question. The Brazil nut tree, Bertholletia excels (n = 17), is native to tropical rain forests of South America. It is a hardwood tree that can grow to over 50 meters tall, a source of high-quality lumber, and a favorite nesting site for harpy eagles. As the rainy season ends, tough-walled fruits, each containing 8-25 seeds (Brazil nuts), fall to the forest floor. Brazil nuts are composed primarily of endosperm. About $50 million worth of nuts are harvested each year. Scientists have discovered that the pale yellow flowers of Brazil nut trees cannot fertilize themselves and admit only female orchid bees as pollinators. The agouti (Dasyprocta spp.), a cat-sized rodent, is the only animal with teeth strong enough to crack the hard wall of Brazil nut fruits. It typically eats some of the seeds, buries others, and leaves still others inside the fruit, which moisture can then enter and allow the remaining seeds to germinate. Entrepreneurs attempted, but failed, to harvest nuts from plantations grown in Southeast Asia. Attempts to grow Brazil nut trees in South American plantations also failed. In both cases, the trees grew vigorously, produced healthy flowers in profusion, but set no fruit. Consequently, what is the likely source of the problem? A) poor sporophyte viability | back 30 D |
front 31 31) Use the information to answer the following question. The Brazil nut tree, Bertholletia excels (n = 17), is native to tropical rain forests of South America. It is a hardwood tree that can grow to over 50 meters tall, a source of high-quality lumber, and a favorite nesting site for harpy eagles. As the rainy season ends, tough-walled fruits, each containing 8-25 seeds (Brazil nuts), fall to the forest floor. Brazil nuts are composed primarily of endosperm. About $50 million worth of nuts are harvested each year. Scientists have discovered that the pale yellow flowers of Brazil nut trees cannot fertilize themselves and admit only female orchid bees as pollinators. The agouti (Dasyprocta spp.), a cat-sized rodent, is the only animal with teeth strong enough to crack the hard wall of Brazil nut fruits. It typically eats some of the seeds, buries others, and leaves still others inside the fruit, which moisture can then enter and allow the remaining seeds to germinate. The agouti is most directly involved with the Brazil nut tree's dispersal of ________. A) female gametophytes D) female gametes | back 31 B |
front 32 32) Use the information to answer the following question. Scarlet gilia (Ipomopsis aggregata) usually has red flowers in an inflorescence of up to 250 flowers. In certain populations in the Arizona mountains, however, the flowers range from red to pink to white. In early summer, most (but not all) of the flowers were red. Six to eight weeks later, the same individual plants were still present; the flowers ranged from pink to white, and few red flowers were present. The major pollinators early in the season were two species of hummingbirds active during the day; they emigrated to lower elevations, and the major pollinator later in the season was a hawk moth (a type of moth). The hawk moth was most active at sunset and later, and it preferred light pink to white flowers after dark. When hummingbirds were present, more red flowers than white flowers produced fruit. When only hawk moths were present, more white flowers produced fruit. (K. N. Paige and T. G. Whitham. 1985. Individual and population shifts in flower color by scarlet gilia: A mechanism for pollinator tracking. Science 227:315-17). What is the significance of measuring fruit production? A) It is a measure of pollination success. D) It is an indication of predation on the seeds of the plants. | back 32 A |
front 33 33) Use the information to answer the following question. Scarlet gilia (Ipomopsis aggregata) usually has red flowers in an inflorescence of up to 250 flowers. In certain populations in the Arizona mountains, however, the flowers range from red to pink to white. In early summer, most (but not all) of the flowers were red. Six to eight weeks later, the same individual plants were still present; the flowers ranged from pink to white, and few red flowers were present. The major pollinators early in the season were two species of hummingbirds active during the day; they emigrated to lower elevations, and the major pollinator later in the season was a hawk moth (a type of moth). The hawk moth was most active at sunset and later, and it preferred light pink to white flowers after dark. When hummingbirds were present, more red flowers than white flowers produced fruit. When only hawk moths were present, more white flowers produced fruit (K. N. Paige and T. G. Whitham. 1985. Individual and population shifts in flower color by scarlet gilia: A mechanism for pollinator tracking. Science 227:315-17). Late in the season, when only hawk moths were present, researchers
painted the red flowers white. What would you expect? C) Red and white flowers would produce the same numbers of
fruits. | back 33 B |
front 34 34) Use the information to answer the following question. Scarlet gilia (Ipomopsis aggregata) usually has red flowers in an inflorescence of up to 250 flowers. In certain populations in the Arizona mountains, however, the flowers range from red to pink to white. In early summer, most (but not all) of the flowers were red. Six to eight weeks later, the same individual plants were still present; the flowers ranged from pink to white, and few red flowers were present. The major pollinators early in the season were two species of hummingbirds active during the day; they emigrated to lower elevations, and the major pollinator later in the season was a hawk moth (a type of moth). The hawk moth was most active at sunset and later, and it preferred light pink to white flowers after dark. When hummingbirds were present, more red flowers than white flowers produced fruit. When only hawk moths were present, more white flowers produced fruit (K. N. Paige and T. G. Whitham. 1985. Individual and population shifts in flower color by scarlet gilia: A mechanism for pollinator tracking. Science 227:315-17). Some plants continued to produce only dark (red) flowers whereas
others produced lighter colored flowers later in the season. Which
plants do you expect produced more fruit over the entire
season? B) those that stayed dark | back 34 A |
front 35 35) Use the information to answer the following question. Scarlet gilia (Ipomopsis aggregata) usually has red flowers in an inflorescence of up to 250 flowers. In certain populations in the Arizona mountains, however, the flowers range from red to pink to white. In early summer, most (but not all) of the flowers were red. Six to eight weeks later, the same individual plants were still present; the flowers ranged from pink to white, and few red flowers were present. The major pollinators early in the season were two species of hummingbirds active during the day; they emigrated to lower elevations, and the major pollinator later in the season was a hawk moth (a type of moth). The hawk moth was most active at sunset and later, and it preferred light pink to white flowers after dark. When hummingbirds were present, more red flowers than white flowers produced fruit. When only hawk moths were present, more white flowers produced fruit (K. N. Paige and T. G. Whitham. 1985. Individual and population shifts in flower color by scarlet gilia: A mechanism for pollinator tracking. Science 227:315-17). Which of the following proposed controls would be most appropriate
for the experiment when, late in the season, scientists painted some
of the red flowers white? C) Plants with light and dark colored flowers should be
fertilized. | back 35 D |
front 36 36) Immature seed cones of conifers are usually green before
pollination, and flowers of grasses are inconspicuously colored. What
does this indicate about their pollination? C) They are probably wind pollinated. | back 36 C |
front 37 37) In onions (Allium), cells of the sporophyte have 16 chromosomes
within each nucleus. Match the number of chromosomes present in each
of the following onion tissues. How many chromosomes should be in a
tube cell nucleus? B) 16 | back 37 A |
front 38 38) In onions (Allium), cells of the sporophyte have 16 chromosomes
within each nucleus. Match the number of chromosomes present in each
of the following onion tissues. How many chromosomes should be in an
endosperm nucleus? B) 16 | back 38 C |
front 39 39) In onions (Allium), cells of the sporophyte have 16 chromosomes
within each nucleus. Match the number of chromosomes present in each
of the following onion tissues. How many chromosomes should be in a
generative cell nucleus? B) 16 | back 39 A |
front 40 40) In onions (Allium), cells of the sporophyte have 16 chromosomes
within each nucleus. Match the number of chromosomes present in each
of the following onion tissues. How many chromosomes should be in the
nucleus of an egg within the embryo sac prior to
fertilization? B) 16 | back 40 A |
front 41 41) In onions (Allium), cells of the sporophyte have 16 chromosomes
within each nucleus. Match the number of chromosomes present in each
of the following onion tissues. How many chromosomes should be in an
embryo nucleus after fertilization? B) 16 | back 41 B |
front 42 42) In onions (Allium), cells of the sporophyte have 16 chromosomes
within each nucleus. Match the number of chromosomes present in each
of the following onion tissues. How many chromosomes should be in a
megasporangium nucleus? B) 16 | back 42 B |
front 43 43) Use the information to answer the following question. The Brazil nut tree, Bertholletia excels (n = 17), is native to tropical rain forests of South America. It is a hardwood tree that can grow to over 50 meters tall, a source of high-quality lumber, and a favorite nesting site for harpy eagles. As the rainy season ends, tough-walled fruits, each containing 8-25 seeds (Brazil nuts), fall to the forest floor. Brazil nuts are composed primarily of endosperm. About $50 million worth of nuts are harvested each year. Scientists have discovered that the pale yellow flowers of Brazil nut trees cannot fertilize themselves and admit only female orchid bees as pollinators. The agouti (Dasyprocta spp.), a cat-sized rodent, is the only animal with teeth strong enough to crack the hard wall of Brazil nut fruits. It typically eats some of the seeds, buries others, and leaves still others inside the fruit, which moisture can then enter and allow the remaining seeds to germinate. Animals that consume Brazil nuts derive nutrition mostly from tissue
whose nuclei have how many chromosomes? C) 51 | back 43 C |
front 44 44) Which of the following sex and generation combinations directly
produces the fruit of angiosperms? C) male sporophyte | back 44 D |
front 45 45) Which of the following is a characteristic of all angiosperms? A)
double internal fertilization D) ovules that are not contained within ovaries | back 45 A |
front 46 46) What adaptations should one expect of the seed coats of
angiosperm species whose seeds are dispersed by frugivorous
(fruit-eating) animals, as opposed to angiosperm species whose seeds
are dispersed by other means? B) The exterior of the seed coat should have barbs or hooks, and the seed coat should contain secondary compounds that irritate the lining of the animal's mouth. C) The seed coat should contain secondary compounds that irritate
the lining of the animal's mouth, and the seed coat should be able to
withstand high acidity. | back 46 D |
front 47 47) The generative cell of male angiosperm gametophytes is haploid.
This cell divides to produce two haploid sperm cells. What type of
cell division does the generative cell undergo to produce these sperm
cells? | back 47 B |
front 48 48) Among plants known as legumes (beans, peas, alfalfa, clover, for
example) the seeds are contained in a fruit that is itself called a
legume, better known as a pod. Upon opening such pods, it is commonly
observed that some ovules have become mature seeds, whereas other
ovules have not. Thus, which of the following statements is/are likely
accurate? | back 48 C |
front 49 49) Arrange the following structures from largest to smallest,
assuming that they belong to two generations of the same
angiosperm. C) embryo sac, ovary, carpel, ovule, egg | back 49 D |
front 50 50) Mistletoe is a plant that lives on trees and gains nutrition from them (that is, it is a parasite). The fruit of the mistletoe is a one-seeded berry and is consumed by birds. In members of the genus Viscum, the outside of the seed is viscous (sticky), which permits the seed to adhere to surfaces such as the branches of host plants or the beaks of birds. What should be expected of the fruit if the viscosity of Viscum seeds is primarily an adaptation for dispersal rather than an adaptation for infecting host plant tissues? The fruit ________. A) is drab in color C) is nutritious to the dispersing organisms | back 50 C |
front 51 51) Use the information to answer the following question. The cycads, a mostly tropical phylum of gymnosperms, evolved about 300 million years ago and were dominant forms during the age of the dinosaurs. Though their sperm are flagellated, their ovules are pollinated by beetles. These beetles get nutrition from the pollen and shelter from the microsporophylls. Upon visiting megasporophylls, the beetles transfer pollen to the exposed ovules. In cycads, pollen cones and seed cones are borne on different plants. Cycads synthesize neurotoxins, especially in the seeds, that are effective against most animals, including humans. Which feature of cycads makes them similar to many angiosperms? A) They have exposed ovules. D) They have flagellated sperm, and they are pollinated by animals. | back 51 C |
front 52 52) Use the information to answer the following question. The cycads, a mostly tropical phylum of gymnosperms, evolved about 300 million years ago and were dominant forms during the age of the dinosaurs. Though their sperm are flagellated, their ovules are pollinated by beetles. These beetles get nutrition from the pollen and shelter from the microsporophylls. Upon visiting megasporophylls, the beetles transfer pollen to the exposed ovules. In cycads, pollen cones and seed cones are borne on different plants. Cycads synthesize neurotoxins, especially in the seeds, that are effective against most animals, including humans. If the beetles survive by consuming cycad pollen, then whether the
beetles should be considered mutualists with, or parasites of, the
cycads depends upon the ________. C) extent to which the beetles damage the cycad flowers | back 52 A |
front 53 53) If one were to propose a new taxon of plants that included all
the plants that are pollinated by animals, but excluded all plants
that are not pollinated by animals, then this new taxon would be
________. B) paraphyletic | back 53 C |
front 54 54) Use the information to answer the following question. Oviparous (egg-laying) animals have internal fertilization (sperm cells encounter eggs within the female's body). Yolk and/or albumen is (are) provided to the embryo, and a shell is then deposited around the embryo and its food source. Eggs are subsequently deposited in an environment that promotes their further development, or are incubated by one or both parents. The yolk of an animal egg has what type of analog in angiosperms? A) endosperm D) seed coat | back 54 A |
front 55 55) Use the information to answer the following question. Oviparous (egg-laying) animals have internal fertilization (sperm cells encounter eggs within the female's body). Yolk and/or albumen is (are) provided to the embryo, and a shell is then deposited around the embryo and its food source. Eggs are subsequently deposited in an environment that promotes their further development, or are incubated by one or both parents. The shell of a fertilized animal egg has what type of analog in angiosperms? A) endosperm D) seed coat | back 55 D |
front 56 56) Use the information to answer the following question. Oviparous (egg-laying) animals have internal fertilization (sperm cells encounter eggs within the female's body). Yolk and/or albumen is (are) provided to the embryo, and a shell is then deposited around the embryo and its food source. Eggs are subsequently deposited in an environment that promotes their further development, or are incubated by one or both parents. The internal fertilization that occurs prior to shell deposition has
what type of analog in angiosperms? C) fusion of carpels into a fruit | back 56 B |
front 57 57) Use the information to answer the following question. Oviparous (egg-laying) animals have internal fertilization (sperm cells encounter eggs within the female's body). Yolk and/or albumen is (are) provided to the embryo, and a shell is then deposited around the embryo and its food source. Eggs are subsequently deposited in an environment that promotes their further development, or are incubated by one or both parents. The laying of eggs has what type of analog in angiosperms? A) endosperm breakdown D) seed coat hardening | back 57 C |
front 58 58) Use the information to answer the following question. The Brazil nut tree, Bertholletia excels (n = 17), is native to tropical rain forests of South America. It is a hardwood tree that can grow to over 50 meters tall, a source of high-quality lumber, and a favorite nesting site for harpy eagles. As the rainy season ends, tough-walled fruits, each containing 8-25 seeds (Brazil nuts), fall to the forest floor. Brazil nuts are composed primarily of endosperm. About $50 million worth of nuts are harvested each year. Scientists have discovered that the pale yellow flowers of Brazil nut trees cannot fertilize themselves and admit only female orchid bees as pollinators. The agouti (Dasyprocta spp.), a cat-sized rodent, is the only animal with teeth strong enough to crack the hard wall of Brazil nut fruits. It typically eats some of the seeds, buries others, and leaves still others inside the fruit, which moisture can then enter and allow the remaining seeds to germinate. If a female orchid bee has just left a Brazil nut tree with nectar
in her stomach, and if she visits another flower on a different Brazil
nut tree, what is the sequence in which the following events should
occur? B) pollination, pollen tube enters micropyle, pollen tube emerges
from pollen grain, double fertilization D) pollen tube enters micropyle, pollen tube emerges from pollen grain, pollination, double fertilization | back 58 A |
front 59 59) Stamens, sepals, petals, carpels, and pinecone scales are all ________. A) female reproductive parts D) found on flowers | back 59 C |
front 60 60) Compared to animal-pollinated plants, wind-pollinated angiosperms
________. D) produce much more pollen because winds disperse pollen randomly | back 60 D |
front 61 61) Archaefructus, an early fossil angiosperm, was herbaceous and
probably aquatic. Other seed plant fossils were woody and terrestrial.
What should scientists conclude? C) Other data must be considered in order to make a valid conclusion. D) We cannot know the real history of angiosperms. | back 61 C |
front 62 62) Imagine that you wanted to know if speciation is more rapid in plant groups pollinated by bees or hummingbirds. To do this, you identified 20 genera of angiosperms that contained species pollinated by both types of animals. There were substantially more species in the groups that were pollinated by bees. What conclusions can you draw from your data? A) Hummingbirds promoted speciation more than did bees. | back 62 B |
front 63 63) Use the information to answer the following question. The Brazil nut tree, Bertholletia excels (n = 17), is native to tropical rain forests of South America. It is a hardwood tree that can grow to over 50 meters tall, a source of high-quality lumber, and a favorite nesting site for harpy eagles. As the rainy season ends, tough-walled fruits, each containing 8-25 seeds (Brazil nuts), fall to the forest floor. Brazil nuts are composed primarily of endosperm. About $50 million worth of nuts are harvested each year. Scientists have discovered that the pale yellow flowers of Brazil nut trees cannot fertilize themselves and admit only female orchid bees as pollinators. The agouti (Dasyprocta spp.), a cat-sized rodent, is the only animal with teeth strong enough to crack the hard wall of Brazil nut fruits. It typically eats some of the seeds, buries others, and leaves still others inside the fruit, which moisture can then enter and allow the remaining seeds to germinate. The harpy eagle, Harpia harpyja, is the largest, most powerful raptor in the Americas. It nests only in trees taller than 25 meters. It is a "sloth specialist," but will also take agouti. Thus, if these eagles capture too many agoutis from a particular locale, they might contribute to their own demise by ________. A) having too many offspring D) increasing the number of sloths | back 63 B |
front 64 64) Use the information to answer the following question. The Brazil nut tree, Bertholletia excels (n = 17), is native to tropical rain forests of South America. It is a hardwood tree that can grow to over 50 meters tall, a source of high-quality lumber, and a favorite nesting site for harpy eagles. As the rainy season ends, tough-walled fruits, each containing 8-25 seeds (Brazil nuts), fall to the forest floor. Brazil nuts are composed primarily of endosperm. About $50 million worth of nuts are harvested each year. Scientists have discovered that the pale yellow flowers of Brazil nut trees cannot fertilize themselves and admit only female orchid bees as pollinators. The agouti (Dasyprocta spp.), a cat-sized rodent, is the only animal with teeth strong enough to crack the hard wall of Brazil nut fruits. It typically eats some of the seeds, buries others, and leaves still others inside the fruit, which moisture can then enter and allow the remaining seeds to germinate. Native peoples traditionally use Brazil nuts to treat stomachache,
inflammation, hypersensitivity, and hepatitis. Consequently, a
scientist should be interested in promoting ________. C) an increase in the living standards of the native peoples so that
they might be able to purchase modern pharmaceuticals | back 64 D |
front 65 65) Use the information to answer the following question. The Brazil nut tree, Bertholletia excels (n = 17), is native to tropical rain forests of South America. It is a hardwood tree that can grow to over 50 meters tall, a source of high-quality lumber, and a favorite nesting site for harpy eagles. As the rainy season ends, tough-walled fruits, each containing 8-25 seeds (Brazil nuts), fall to the forest floor. Brazil nuts are composed primarily of endosperm. About $50 million worth of nuts are harvested each year. Scientists have discovered that the pale yellow flowers of Brazil nut trees cannot fertilize themselves and admit only female orchid bees as pollinators. The agouti (Dasyprocta spp.), a cat-sized rodent, is the only animal with teeth strong enough to crack the hard wall of Brazil nut fruits. It typically eats some of the seeds, buries others, and leaves still others inside the fruit, which moisture can then enter and allow the remaining seeds to germinate. People who attempted to plant Brazil nuts in hopes of establishing
plantations of Brazil nut trees played roles most similar to those of
________. C) pollen tubes | back 65 A |
front 66 66) Use the information to answer the following question. The Brazil nut tree, Bertholletia excels (n = 17), is native to tropical rain forests of South America. It is a hardwood tree that can grow to over 50 meters tall, a source of high-quality lumber, and a favorite nesting site for harpy eagles. As the rainy season ends, tough-walled fruits, each containing 8-25 seeds (Brazil nuts), fall to the forest floor. Brazil nuts are composed primarily of endosperm. About $50 million worth of nuts are harvested each year. Scientists have discovered that the pale yellow flowers of Brazil nut trees cannot fertilize themselves and admit only female orchid bees as pollinators. The agouti (Dasyprocta spp.), a cat-sized rodent, is the only animal with teeth strong enough to crack the hard wall of Brazil nut fruits. It typically eats some of the seeds, buries others, and leaves still others inside the fruit, which moisture can then enter and allow the remaining seeds to germinate. The same bees that pollinate the flowers of the Brazil nut trees
also pollinate orchids, which are epiphytes (in other words, plants
that grow on other plants); however, orchids cannot grow on Brazil nut
trees. These observations explain ________. B) why Brazil nut trees do not set fruit in monoculture (all one species) plantations C) why male orchid bees do not pollinate Brazil nut tree
flowers | back 66 B |
front 67 67) Use the information to answer the following question. The Brazil nut tree, Bertholletia excels (n = 17), is native to tropical rain forests of South America. It is a hardwood tree that can grow to over 50 meters tall, a source of high-quality lumber, and a favorite nesting site for harpy eagles. As the rainy season ends, tough-walled fruits, each containing 8-25 seeds (Brazil nuts), fall to the forest floor. Brazil nuts are composed primarily of endosperm. About $50 million worth of nuts are harvested each year. Scientists have discovered that the pale yellow flowers of Brazil nut trees cannot fertilize themselves and admit only female orchid bees as pollinators. The agouti (Dasyprocta spp.), a cat-sized rodent, is the only animal with teeth strong enough to crack the hard wall of Brazil nut fruits. It typically eats some of the seeds, buries others, and leaves still others inside the fruit, which moisture can now enter. The uneaten seeds may subsequently germinate. The taller a Brazil nut tree is, ________. | back 67 C |
front 68 70) Robbie and Saurab are pre-med and pre-pharmacy students, respectively. They complain to their biology professor that they should not have to study plants because plants have little relevance to their chosen professions. Which adaptations of land plants are likely to cause human health problems and provide Robbie with future patients? A) sporophyte dominance and defenses against herbivory | back 68 B |
front 69 71) Robbie and Saurab are pre-med and pre-pharmacy students, respectively. They complain to their biology professor that they should not have to study plants because plants have little relevance to their chosen professions. Which of the following statements are correct with regard to what physicians and pharmacists need to know about plants? A) Land plants produce poisons and medicines. D) Land plants often provide food for pollinators. | back 69 A |
front 70 72) Which of the following problems will likely increase if the human
population continues to increase? C) increase in disease-causing organisms | back 70 D |
front 71 73) Use the information to answer the following question. Theobroma cacao (cacao) is the tree that produces seeds that are turned into chocolate. These trees provide many poor people in the tropics with some cash income. However, these farmers face many obstacles to production of their crop, including temperature and rainfall changes caused by atmospheric CO2 increases, and many diseases and pests. Analysis of the cacao genome showed that there is some (but not a lot) of genetic variation in the 10 major varieties. Which of the following strategies would be most useful in the long
term in reducing pressures faced by cacao farmers? C) Plant trees farther apart so that disease transmission rates from
one tree to the next will be lower. | back 71 B |
front 72 74) Use the information to answer the following question. Theobroma cacao (cacao) is the tree that produces seeds that are turned into chocolate. These trees provide many poor people in the tropics with some cash income. However, these farmers face many obstacles to production of their crop, including temperature and rainfall changes caused by atmospheric CO2 increases, and many diseases and pests. Analysis of the cacao genome showed that there is some (but not a lot) of genetic variation in the 10 major varieties. Currently, cacao is harvested by cutting the cacao pods off trees
with machetes. Which of the following strategies would increase the
ease of harvesting? C) Breed trees resistant to diseases and pests. D) Provide fertilizer in small quantities. | back 72 A |
front 73 Where in an angiosperm would you find a megasporangium? A) in the style of a flower D) packed into pollen sacs within the anthers found on a stamen | back 73 C |
front 74 Key features of seed plants facilitating life on land include three
of the following four traits. Select the exception. C) reduced gametophytes | back 74 A |
front 75 With respect to angiosperms, which of the following is incorrectly
paired with its chromosome count? C) microspore—n | back 75 B |
front 76 Which of the following is not a characteristic that distinguishes
gymnosperms and angiosperms from other plants? C) pollen | back 76 D |
front 77 Gymnosperms and angiosperms have the following in common except A) seeds. D) ovules. | back 77 C |