front 1 1) Which of the following could occur only after plants moved from
the oceans to land? | back 1 A |
front 2 2) According to the fossil record, plants colonized terrestrial habitats ________. A) in conjunction with insects that pollinated them D) only about 150 million years ago | back 2 B |
front 3 3) The most direct ancestors of land plants were probably ________. A) kelp (brown alga) that formed large beds near the
shorelines D) liverworts and mosses | back 3 B |
front 4 4) About 450 million years ago, the terrestrial landscape on Earth would have ________. A) looked very similar to that of today, with flowers, grasses,
shrubs, and trees C) been covered with tall forests in swamps that would become today's coal D) had non-vascular, green plants similar to liverworts forming green mats on rock | back 4 D |
front 5 5) What evidence do paleobotanists look for that indicates the
movement of plants from water to land? C) sporopollenin to inhibit evaporation from leaves | back 5 A |
front 6 6) Which of these events, based on plant fossils, came last (most recently)? A) extensive growth of gymnosperm forests D) carboniferous swamps with giant horsetails and lycophytes | back 6 C |
front 7 7) Why have biologists hypothesized that the first land plants had a low, sprawling growth habit? A) They were tied to the water for reproduction, thus needing to
remain in close contact with the moist soil. C) Land animals of that period were small and could not pollinate tall plants. D) There was less competition for space, so they simply spread out flat. | back 7 B |
front 8 8) Spores and seeds have basically the same function—dispersal—but
are vastly different because spores ________. C) have stored nutrition; seeds do not | back 8 D |
front 9 9) You find a green organism in a pond near your house and believe it
is a plant, not an alga. The mystery organism is most likely a plant
and not an alga if it ________. C) does not contain vascular tissue | back 9 B |
front 10 10) Retaining the zygote on the living gametophyte of land plants ________. A) protects the zygote from herbivores D) allows it to be nourished by the parent plant | back 10 D |
front 11 11) The structural integrity of bacteria is to peptidoglycan as the
structural integrity of plant spores is to ________. C) secondary compounds | back 11 D |
front 12 12) According to our current knowledge of plant evolution, which
group of organisms should feature cell division most similar to that
of land plants? C) some charophytes | back 12 C |
front 13 13) Which taxon is essentially equivalent to the
"embryophytes"? A) Plantae D) Charophycea | back 13 A |
front 14 14) If the kingdom Plantae is someday expanded to include the
charophytes (stoneworts), then the shared derived characteristics of
the kingdom will include ________. C) rings of cellulose-synthesizing complexes, alternation of
generations, and ability to synthesize sporopollenin | back 14 A |
front 15 15) Which of the following environmental factors probably helped
early plants to successfully colonize land? B) relatively few competitors for light | back 15 C |
front 16 16) A student encounters a pondweed that appears to be a charophyte.
Which of the following features would help the student determine
whether the sample comes from a charophyte or from some other type of
green alga? B) molecular structure of enzymes inside the chloroplasts and rings
of cellulose-synthesizing complexes | back 16 D |
front 17 22) The fact that both charophytes and green plants contain
chlorophylls a and b demonstrates which of the following? C) The common ancestor of these two groups contained chlorophylls a and b. D) These two groups are not closely related. | back 17 C |
front 18 23) Which of the following statements about the transition from ocean
to land by plants is most likely to be accurate? C) Rising sea levels favored individuals that were able to survive ever-drier conditions. D) The high light levels of terrestrial systems favored individuals that contained flexible photosynthetic enzyme systems. | back 18 B |
front 19 24) Which of the following statements about the zygotes of plants is most likely to be accurate? A) Protection of the zygote from the drying effects of air was
important. C) Zygotes in plants are more independent of parental tissue than are algal zygotes. D) Zygotes in plants are more likely to germinate quickly after release from the parent plant than are zygotes released from algal organisms. | back 19 A |
front 20 25) If animals had alternation of generations like plants,
________. B) the products of mitosis would undergo meiosis D) the products of meiosis would undergo mitosis and become multicellular | back 20 D |
front 21 26) Apical meristems ________. | back 21 C |
front 22 27) Which of the following statements about stomata is
accurate? | back 22 D |
front 23 28) The presence of vascular tissue allowed plants to
________. | back 23 B |
front 24 29) Bryophytes (non-vascular plants) ________. | back 24 A |
front 25 30) Grades, as opposed to clades, ________. B) show relatedness among living organisms | back 25 D |
front 26 31) Stomata ________. | back 26 B |
front 27 32) Liverworts, hornworts, and mosses are grouped together as
bryophytes. Besides not having vascular tissue, what do they all have
in common? C) They can reproduce asexually by producing gemmae. D) They require water for reproduction. | back 27 D |
front 28 33) Most moss gametophytes do not have a cuticle and are 1-2 cells
thick. What does this imply about moss gametophytes and their
structure? C) Photosynthesis occurs throughout the entire gametophyte surface. D) They have branching veins in their leaves. | back 28 B |
front 29 34) As you stroll through a moist forest, you are most likely to see
a ________. A) zygote of a green alga D) gametophyte of a fern | back 29 B |
front 30 35) Which of these are spore-producing structures? A) sporophyte (capsule) of a moss D) gametophyte of a moss | back 30 A |
front 31 36) What is an accurate statement about the genus Sphagnum? A) It is
an economically important liverwort. D) It represents a large repository of CO2 that is likely to be released with global warming. | back 31 D |
front 32 37) How are bryophytes and seedless vascular plants alike? A) Plants in both groups have vascular tissue. C) The dominant generation in both groups is the sporophyte. D) Plants in both groups have true roots, stems, and leaves. | back 32 B |
front 33 38) In general, liverworts have a cuticle and pores. However, some
species do not have pores. What would you predict concerning the
cuticle of these species and why? C) The cuticle would be thinner than in those species with
pores. | back 33 C |
front 34 39) Archegonia ________. B) may contain sporophyte embryos | back 34 B |
front 35 40) Which of the following is an accurate statement about plant reproduction? A) Embryophytes are small plants in an early developmental
stage. D) Bryophytes are limited to asexual reproduction. | back 35 B |
front 36 41) Assuming that they all belong to the same plant, which of the
following sequences describes structures from largest to
smallest? C) gametophytes, gametes, antheridia | back 36 D |
front 37 42) Which of the following statements is accurate with regard to the life cycle of mosses? A) The haploid generation grows on the sporophyte
generation. D) The sporophyte generation is dominant. | back 37 C |
front 38 43) At some time during their life cycles, bryophytes make ________. A) microphylls D) sporangia | back 38 D |
front 39 44) Two small, poorly drained lakes lie close to each other in a northern forest. The basins of both lakes are composed of the same geologic substratum. One lake is surrounded by a dense Sphagnum mat; the other is not. Compared to the pond with Sphagnum, the pond lacking the moss mat should have ________. A) lower numbers of bacteria | back 39 D |
front 40 45) The 1-meter height attainable by Dawsonia moss is at the upper
end of the size range reached by mosses. What accounts for the
relative tallness of Dawsonia? C) reduced size, mass, and persistence of the sporophytes, which
allows gametophores to grow taller | back 40 D |
front 41 46) The haploid gametophytes of bryophytes are ________. D) usually multicellular, but one cell thick | back 41 D |
front 42 47) If bryophytes do not have vascular tissue, how can some mosses reach 60 centimeters tall? A) The term nonvascular plant is actually a misnomer. D) The rhizoids contain the conducting tissues. | back 42 C |
front 43 48) If you were asked to design a bryophyte that could be successful
in a bare, moist area, which of the following possible adaptations
would you include? C) a symbiosis with iron-absorbing algae | back 43 B |
front 44 49) Moss sporophytes are typically green when young, but turn brown
when ready to release their spores. This observation would lead you to
think that the ________. C) gametophyte cannot photosynthesize | back 44 A |
front 45 50) Assuming equal spore production rates, what is the likely
consequence in a bryophyte with both asexual and sexual reproduction
versus one with only sexual reproduction? B) Species with both types of reproduction have higher population
growth rates than species with only sexual reproduction. D) Species with both types of reproduction occur primarily in dry environments. | back 45 B |
front 46 55) Which set contains the most closely related terms? A) megasporangium, megaspore, pollen, ovule D) microsporangium, microspore, carpel, ovary | back 46 C |
front 47 56) How could you determine if a plant is heterosporous? B) It has vascular tissue. | back 47 A |
front 48 57) A botanist discovers a new species of plant in a tropical rain forest. Investigation of its anatomy and life cycle shows the following characteristics: flagellated sperm, xylem with tracheids, separate gametophyte, and sporophyte generations with the sporophyte dominant, and no seeds. This plant is probably most closely related to ________. A) mosses | back 48 B |
front 49 58) You are hiking in a forest and come upon a mysterious plant,
which you determine is either a lycophyte sporophyte or a monilophyte
sporophyte. Which of the following would be most helpful in
determining the correct classification of the plant? B) whether it has microphylls or megaphylls C) whether or not it has seeds | back 49 B |
front 50 59) Assuming that they all belong to the same plant, which of the
following lists structures from largest to smallest (or from most
inclusive to least inclusive)? C) sporophytes, spores, sporangia, sporophylls D) sporophytes, sporophylls, sporangia, spores | back 50 D |
front 51 60) If humans had been present to build log structures during the
Carboniferous period (they were not), which plant types would have
been suitable sources of logs? C) ferns, horsetails, and lycophytes | back 51 C |
front 52 61) Arrange the following terms from most inclusive to least
inclusive. B) green plants, embryophytes, tracheophytes, seedless vascular plants, ferns C) green plants, tracheophytes, embryophytes, seedless vascular plants, ferns D) embryophytes, ferns, green plants, tracheophytes, seedless vascular plants | back 52 B |
front 53 62) Use the following description to answer the question. A biology student hiking in a forest happens upon an erect, 15-centimeter-tall plant that bears microphylls and a strobilus at its tallest point. When disturbed, the cone emits a dense cloud of brownish dust. A pocket magnifying glass reveals the dust to be composed of tiny spheres with a high oil content. This student has probably found a ________. A) bryophyte sporophyte D) lycophyte sporophyte | back 53 D |
front 54 63) Use the following description to answer the question. A biology student hiking in a forest happens upon an erect, 15-centimeter-tall plant that bears microphylls and a strobilus at its tallest point. When disturbed, the cone emits a dense cloud of brownish dust. A pocket magnifying glass reveals the dust to be composed of tiny spheres with a high oil content. Besides oil, what other chemical should be detected in substantial
amounts upon chemical analysis of these small spheres? C) waxes | back 54 A |
front 55 64) Use the following information to answer the question. Big Bend National Park in Texas is mostly Chihuahuan desert, where rainfall averages about 25 centimeters per year. Yet, it is not uncommon when hiking in this extremely arid zone to encounter mosses and ferns. One such plant is called "flower of stone." It is not a flowering plant, nor does it produce seeds. Under arid conditions, its leaflike structures curl up. However, when it rains, it unfurls its leaves, which form a bright green rosette on the desert floor. Consequently, it is sometimes called the "resurrection plant." At first glance, it could be a fern, a true moss, or a spike moss. What feature of both true mosses and ferns makes it most surprising
that they can survive for many generations in dry deserts? C) lack of true roots | back 55 A |
front 56 65) Use the following information to answer the question. Big Bend National Park in Texas is mostly Chihuahuan desert, where rainfall averages about 25 centimeters per year. Yet, it is not uncommon when hiking in this extremely arid zone to encounter mosses and ferns. One such plant is called "flower of stone." It is not a flowering plant, nor does it produce seeds. Under arid conditions, its leaflike structures curl up. However, when it rains, it unfurls its leaves, which form a bright green rosette on the desert floor. Consequently, it is sometimes called the "resurrection plant." At first glance, it could be a fern, a true moss, or a spike moss. Which of the following features is most important for true mosses
and ferns to reproduce in the desert? C) either that their gametophytes grow close together, or that they be homosporous D) that the sporophytes have highly lignified vascular tissues | back 56 C |
front 57 66) Use the following information to answer the question. Big Bend National Park in Texas is mostly Chihuahuan desert, where rainfall averages about 25 centimeters per year. Yet, it is not uncommon when hiking in this extremely arid zone to encounter mosses and ferns. One such plant is called "flower of stone." It is not a flowering plant, nor does it produce seeds. Under arid conditions, its leaflike structures curl up. However, when it rains, it unfurls its leaves, which form a bright green rosette on the desert floor. Consequently, it is sometimes called the "resurrection plant." At first glance, it could be a fern, a true moss, or a spike moss. Which of the following characteristics is (are) possessed in common
by true mosses, ferns, and spike mosses, and therefore becomes useless
at helping to determine to which of these groups "flower of
stone" belongs? B) a sporophyte generation that is dominant and alternation of generations C) flagellated sperm and true leaves and roots | back 57 D |
front 58 67) Use the following information to answer the question. Big Bend National Park in Texas is mostly Chihuahuan desert, where rainfall averages about 25 centimeters per year. Yet, it is not uncommon when hiking in this extremely arid zone to encounter mosses and ferns. One such plant is called "flower of stone." It is not a flowering plant, nor does it produce seeds. Under arid conditions, its leaflike structures curl up. However, when it rains, it unfurls its leaves, which form a bright green rosette on the desert floor. Consequently, it is sometimes called the "resurrection plant." At first glance, it could be a fern, a true moss, or a spike moss. Upon closer inspection of the leaves of "flower of stone,"
one can observe tiny, cone-like structures. Each cone-like structure
emits spores of two different sizes. Further investigation also
reveals that the roots of "flower of stone" branch only at
the growing tip of the root, forming a Y- shaped structure. Based on
these additional observations, which of the following can be properly
inferred about "flower of stone"? | back 58 D |
front 59 68) Use the following information to answer the question. Big Bend National Park in Texas is mostly Chihuahuan desert, where rainfall averages about 25 centimeters per year. Yet, it is not uncommon when hiking in this extremely arid zone to encounter mosses and ferns. One such plant is called "flower of stone." It is not a flowering plant, nor does it produce seeds. Under arid conditions, its leaflike structures curl up. However, when it rains, it unfurls its leaves, which form a bright green rosette on the desert floor. Consequently, it is sometimes called the "resurrection plant." At first glance, it could be a fern, a true moss, or a spike moss. Upon closer inspection of the leaves of "flower of stone,"
one can observe tiny, cone-like structures. Each cone-like structure
emits spores of two different sizes. Further investigation also
reveals that the roots of "flower of stone" branch only at
the growing tip of the root, forming a Y- shaped structure.
Consequently, which of the following is the closest living relative of
"flower of stone"? | back 59 B |
front 60 69) Use the following information to answer the question. Big Bend National Park in Texas is mostly Chihuahuan desert, where rainfall averages about 25 centimeters per year. Yet, it is not uncommon when hiking in this extremely arid zone to encounter mosses and ferns. One such plant is called "flower of stone." It is not a flowering plant, nor does it produce seeds. Under arid conditions, its leaflike structures curl up. However, when it rains, it unfurls its leaves, which form a bright green rosette on the desert floor. Consequently, it is sometimes called the "resurrection plant." At first glance, it could be a fern, a true moss, or a spike moss. Upon closer inspection of the leaves of "flower of stone,"
one can observe tiny, cone-like structures. Each cone-like structure
emits spores of two different sizes. Further investigation also
reveals that the roots of "flower of stone" branch only at
the growing tip of the root, forming a Y- shaped structure.
Consequently, "flower of stone" should be expected to
possess which other characteristics? | back 60 C |
front 61 70) Use the following information to answer the question. Big Bend National Park in Texas is mostly Chihuahuan desert, where rainfall averages about 25 centimeters per year. Yet, it is not uncommon when hiking in this extremely arid zone to encounter mosses and ferns. One such plant is called "flower of stone." It is not a flowering plant, nor does it produce seeds. Under arid conditions, its leaflike structures curl up. However, when it rains, it unfurls its leaves, which form a bright green rosette on the desert floor. Consequently, it is sometimes called the "resurrection plant." At first glance, it could be a fern, a true moss, or a spike moss. In which combination of locations would one who is searching for the
gametophytes of "flower of stone" have the best chance of
finding them? C) in shady, moist places and underground, nourished there by symbiotic fungi D) in shady, moist places, far from any "flower of stone" sporophytes | back 61 C |
front 62 71) Suppose an efficient conducting system evolved in a moss that
could transport water and other materials as high as a tall tree.
Which of the following statements about "trees" of such a
species would be accurate? B) Spore dispersal distances would probably decrease. | back 62 D |
front 63 72) Which of the following features of how seedless land plants get
sperm to egg are the same as for some of their algal
ancestors? C) Aquatic invertebrates carry sperm to eggs. | back 63 D |
front 64 73) Increasing the number of stomata per unit surface area of a leaf
when atmospheric carbon dioxide levels decline is most analogous to a
human ________. C) breathing more slowly as atmospheric oxygen levels
increase | back 64 B |
front 65 74) Compared to nonvascular plants, the ancient relatives of vascular
plants ________. B) produced much smaller sporophyte generations D) probably experienced less competition for light | back 65 A |
front 66 75) The evolution of a vascular system in plants allowed which of the
following to occur? B) increased height, improved competition for light, and increased spore dispersal distances C) decreased height, improved competition for light, and decreased spore dispersal distances D) decreased height, improved competition for water, and decreased spore dispersal distances | back 66 B |
front 67 76) If you walk through an area with mosses and ferns, you are seeing ________. A) both sporophyte and gametophyte generations D) both seedless and seed-bearing plants | back 67 A |
front 68 77) The coal and oil that we currently use as fuel sources
________. D) come from ancient, seed-bearing plants that grew during the Carboniferous period | back 68 A |
front 69 Three of the following are evidence that charophytes are the closest
algal relatives of plants. Select the exception. C) similarities in cell wall formation during cell division D) genetic similarities in chloroplasts | back 69 B |
front 70 Which of the following characteristics of plants is absent in their
closest relatives, the charophyte algae? C) sexual reproduction | back 70 D |
front 71 In plants, which of the following are produced by meiosis? A) haploid gametes D) diploid spores | back 71 C |
front 72 Microphylls are found in which plant group? A) lycophytes D) hornworts | back 72 A |
front 73 Suppose an efficient conducting system evolved in a moss that could
transport water and other materials as high as a tall tree. Which of
the following statements about "trees" of such a species
would not be true? B) Females could produce only one archegonium. D) Individuals would probably compete more effectively for access to light. | back 73 B |