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PCB 3063 Mutations Ch 8 McGraw Hill Connect Assignment
front 1 The term ______ variation refers to differences in specific genes. Multiple choice question. aneuploid allelic genetic | back 1 allelic |
front 2 A cytogeneticist ______. Multiple choice question. examines DNA mutations studies chromosomes microscopically studies the origins of cells examines RNA levels | back 2 studies chromosomes microscopically |
front 3 Which of the following statements about the chromosome number in humans and fruit flies is true? Multiple choice question. Humans have 40 chromosomes, while fruit flies have 20 chromosomes Humans have 40 chromosomes, while fruit flies have 8 chromosomes Humans have 46 chromosomes, while fruit flies have 20 chromosomes Humans have 46 chromosomes, while fruit flies have 8 chromosomes | back 3 Humans have 46 chromosomes, while fruit flies have 8 chromosomes |
front 4 Match the chromosome to its appropriate description. Metacentric Submetacentric Acrocentric Telocentric Its centromere is at one end Its centromere is near the middle Its centromere is slightly off center Its centromere is significantly off center but not at the end | back 4 
|
front 5 The short arm and long arm of a chromosome are designated with ______, respectively. Multiple choice question. the letters s and l the letters p and q the numbers 2 and 1 the letters q and p the numbers 1 and 2 | back 5 the letters p and q |
front 6 Genetic differences within individuals of the same species or between different species is referred to as genetic ____. | back 6 variation |
front 7 An organized representation of the chromosomes of a cell is called a ______. Multiple choice question. karyotype phenotype haplotype genotype | back 7 karyotype |
front 8 A scientist who examines the chromosomal composition of a particular cell is called a(n) ___. | back 8 cytogeneticist |
front 9 G banding is a procedure in which chromosomes are ______. Multiple choice question. treated with stains to produce dark and light bands dependent on the compaction of their DNA treated with high heat and DNAses to produce smaller bands whose DNA is easier to sequence treated with chemicals that hydrolyze the proteins leaving DNA bands that are easier to study microscopically | back 9 treated with stains to produce dark and light bands dependent on the compaction of their DNA |
front 10 Normal somatic cells of a human have a total of ____ chromosomes, whereas those of a fruit fly contain a total of ____ chromosomes. | back 10 46; 8 |
front 11 Select all that apply The banding pattern of eukaryotic chromosomes is useful for which of the following reasons? Multiple select question. To distinguish between chromosomes of the same size To detect changes in chromosome number To detect changes in chromosome structure To assess evolutionary relationships between species | back 11 To distinguish between chromosomes of the same size To detect changes in chromosome structure To assess evolutionary relationships between species |
front 12 Chromosomes are classified into four types based on their centromere location: 1. ____ (the centromere is near the middle); 2. ____ (the centromere is slightly off center); 3. ____ (the centromere is closer to the end than to the center); and 4. ____ (the centromere is at one end). | back 12  Blank 1: Metacentric Blank 2: Submetacentric Blank 3: Acrocentric Blank 4: Telocentric |
front 13  Match the change in chromosome structure to its appropriate description. Duplication Deficiency Inversion Translocation The loss of a chromosome segment The movement of a chromosome segment The change in direction of a chromosome segment The addition of a chromosome segment | back 13 
|
front 14 A chromosome typically has a short arm (designated by the letter ____) and a long arm (designated by the letter ____). | back 14 p ; q |
front 15 A change in chromosome structure where a portion of the chromosome is missing is called a(n) ____. | back 15 deletion, deficiency, or deletions |
front 16 A(n) ____ is a micrograph which displays the chromosomes of a cell, usually in descending order of size. | back 16 karyotype or karyogram |
front 17 A change in chromosome structure where a portion of the chromosome is repeated is called a(n) ____. | back 17 duplication |
front 18 Which of the following statements is true about a chromosome that has been subjected to the G banding technique? Multiple choice question. It has the short arm stained, but not the long arm. It has the long arm stained, but not the short arm. It shows alternating patterns of dark and light regions. It has the centromere and telomere stained, but not other parts. | back 18 It shows alternating patterns of dark and light regions. |
front 19 If a segment of DNA changes orientation along the chromosome, a(n) ____ is said to have taken place. | back 19 inversion |
front 20 Because they show different banding patterns when stained, chromosomes that have the same ____ and ____ location can be distinguished from each other. | back 20 Blank 1: size, length, sizes, or lengths Blank 2: centromeric or centromere |
front 21 The movement of a DNA segment from one chromosome to another is an example of a(n) ______. Multiple choice question. transformation duplication translocation inversion | back 21 translocation |
front 22  This diagram depicts the four main types of changes in chromosome structure. A = ____; B = ____; C = ____; and D = ____ (two chromosomes are involved). | back 22 A: deletion |
front 23 A deletion is best defined as the loss of ______. Multiple choice question. a chromosome segment an entire chromosome either the centromere or a telomere one of the two chromosome arms | back 23 a chromosome segment |
front 24  This illustration shows the production of a(n) ______. Multiple choice question. terminal deletion pericentric inversion reciprocal translocation paracentric inversion interstitial deletion | back 24  terminal deletion |
front 25 A duplication is best defined as the addition of ______. Multiple choice question. either the centromere or a telomere one of the two chromosome arms an entire chromosome a chromosome segment | back 25 a chromosome segment |
front 26 Consider a chromosome that has broken in two places to produce three chromosomal fragments. The middle fragment is lost and degraded. The rejoining of the two outer fragments will create a chromosome with a(n) ____ deletion. | back 26 interstitial |
front 27 A reversal of the order of genes along a chromosome is termed a(n) ______. Multiple choice question. translocation duplication inversion deletion | back 27 inversion |
front 28 Individuals with a chromosome 5 that is missing part of its short arm may have a disease called ____-____-____ syndrome. | back 28 Blank 1: cri Blank 2: du Blank 3: chat |
front 29 A change in chromosome structure in which a segment of DNA becomes attached to another part of the same chromosome or to a different chromosome is called a(n) ____. | back 29 translocation |
front 30 Identical or similar DNA sequences that occur multiple times on a chromosome are called ____ sequences. | back 30 repetitive |
front 31 Nonallelic homologous recombination between two chromosomes leads to ______. Multiple choice question. two chromosomes each carrying a duplication and a deletion but of different genes a chromosome carrying an inversion and another carrying a translocation two chromosomes each carrying an inversion and translocation, but of different genes a chromosome carrying a duplication and another carrying a deletion | back 31 a chromosome carrying a duplication and another carrying a deletion |
front 32 Consider a normal chromosome that has broken into two separate pieces, one of which is lost because it lacks a centromere. The resultant chromosome is said to have undergone a(n) ____ deletion. | back 32 terminal |
front 33 A chromosome in which the number of copies of a gene increases from one to two is said to have a gene ____. | back 33 duplication |
front 34  This figure illustrates a(n) ______. Multiple choice question. pericentric inversion terminal deletion interstitial deletion paracentric inversion reciprocal translocation | back 34 interstitial deletion |
front 35 Cri-du-chat syndrome is caused by a ______. Multiple choice question. deletion in the short arm of chromosome 5 duplication in the long arm of chromosome 18 deletion in the short arm of chromosome 18 duplication in the long arm of chromosome 5 | back 35 deletion in the short arm of chromosome 5 |
front 36 Which of the following statements about the phenotypic effects of deletions and duplications is true? Assume the changes are of comparable size. Multiple choice question. Duplications are less likely to have harmful effects than deletions. Duplications are more likely to have harmful effects than deletions. Duplications and deletions tend to have the same level of harmful effects. | back 36 Duplications are less likely to have harmful effects than deletions. |
front 37 Transposable elements are examples of ______. Multiple choice question. terminal deletions reciprocal translocations pericentric inversions repetitive sequences | back 37 repetitive sequences |
front 38 Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease (type 1A) is caused by a small ______ on the short arm of chromosome 17. Multiple choice question. deletion translocation inversion duplication | back 38 duplication |
front 39 A misalignment of repetitive sequences on two chromosomes can cause an abnormal crossover to happen. This is called ____ ____ recombination, and it results in one chromatid carrying a duplication and another containing a deletion. | back 39 nonallelic homologous |
front 40 A gene family is a set of genes ______. Multiple choice question. in different species that are identical to each other that are shared by a group of unrelated individuals that are shared by a group of related individuals in a particular species that are similar to each other | back 40 in a particular species that are similar to each other |
front 41  In this figure, the bracket (circled) is used to highlight a gene ______. Multiple choice question. inversion deletion translocation duplication | back 41  duplication |
front 42 Homologous genes are those ______. Multiple choice question. that have identical DNA sequences derived from a single parent that share common promoter sequences derived from a single ancestral gene | back 42 derived from a single ancestral gene |
front 43 In a single species, homologous genes are called ____ and collectively make a gene family. | back 43 paralogs |
front 44 In general, having only a single copy of a gene is ______ having three copies. Multiple choice question. less harmful than more harmful than as harmful as | back 44 more harmful than |
front 45 The globin gene family in humans is composed of 14 ______ that encode polypeptides whose function is to ______. Multiple choice question. orthologs ; contract muscles orthologs ; bind oxygen paralogs ; contract muscles paralogs ; bind oxygen | back 45 paralogs ; bind oxygen |
front 46 Which of the following syndromes is caused by a duplication? Multiple choice question. Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease Cri-du-chat syndrome Edwards syndrome Tay-Sachs disease | back 46 Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease |
front 47 A collection of two or more genes in a particular species that are similar to each other is known as a gene ____. | back 47 family |
front 48 The globin gene family is dispersed on chromosome ______ and chromosome ______. Multiple choice question. 11 : 16 1 : 2 2 ; 4 X ; Y | back 48 11 : 16 |
front 49 Two or more genes that are derived from the same ancestral gene are referred to as ____ genes. | back 49 homologous |
front 50 ____ is specialized to bind and store oxygen in the muscle while ____ is specialized to bind and transport oxygen in the red blood cells. | back 50 myoglogin; hemoglobin |
front 51 Paralogs are homologous ______. Multiple choice question. genes in different species genes within the same species chromosomes within the same species chromosomes in different species | back 51 genes within the same species |
front 52 In humans, the embryonic and fetal forms of hemoglobin have a higher affinity for oxygen than that of adults. This is due to ______. Multiple choice question. identical genes that generate a large number of ribosomes needed for globin production before birth pseudogenes that interfere with gene expression in adults homologous genes that produce different versions of globins during development | back 52 homologous genes that produce different versions of globins during development |
front 53 One of the most important examples of gene families in humans is the ____ gene family, whose protein products play roles in oxygen binding. | back 53 globin |
front 54 Copy number variation (CNV) describes DNA segments of at least ______ in size which exhibit copy number differences among members of ______. Multiple choice question. 100 bp ; the same species 1,000 bp ; the same species 1,000 bp ; different species 100 bp ; different species | back 54 1,000 bp ; the same species |
front 55 Select all that apply Copy number variations may involve which of the following? Multiple select question. Duplications Translocations Inversions Deletions | back 55 Duplications Deletions |
front 56  This figure shows the ______ gene family. Multiple choice question. tubulin globin actin calmodulin | back 56  globin |
front 57  In this figure, the bracket is used to highlight a ______. Multiple choice question. terminal duplication gene triploidy segmental duplication gene trisomy | back 57  segmental duplication |
front 58 Globin proteins are specialized in their function. For example, ____ is used to bind and store oxygen in muscle cells, while ____ is better suited for red blood cells. | back 58 myoglobin; hemoglobin |
front 59 Copy number variations typically account for approximately ______ of the difference in the genomes of two unrelated humans. Multiple choice question. 10% 0.4% 0.1% 40% | back 59  0.4% |
front 60 The hemoglobin in humans exists in how many main types? Multiple choice question. Two types: Child and adult Two types: Before birth and after birth Three types: Fetal, child, and adult Three types: Embryonic, fetal, and after birth | back 60 Three types: Embryonic, fetal, and after birth |
front 61 True or false: All copy number variations found in humans are known to be associated directly or indirectly with genetic or infectious diseases. True false question.TrueFalse | back 61 False |
front 62 DNA segments of 1000 bp or more in length which exist in differing numbers of copies among individuals within the same species are described by the term ____ ____ ____ (CNV). | back 62 copy number variation |
front 63 Select all that apply Comparative genomic hybridization is a method that can be used to detect what changes in chromosome structure? Multiple select question. Translocations Deletions Duplications Inversions | back 63 Deletions Duplications |
front 64  This figures illustrates what phenomenon? Multiple choice question. Chromosome nondisjunction Gene trisomy Misaligned crossing over Copy number variation | back 64 Copy number variation |
front 65 The process which involves the formation of a double-stranded DNA molecule from single-stranded DNA molecules of two different samples is termed ____. | back 65 hybridization |
front 66 Consider a homologous pair of chromosomes of a particular individual, where one homolog carries a single copy of gene A while the other carries two copies of the same gene. The latter chromosome is said to have undergone a(n) ____ ____. | back 66 segmental duplication |
front 67  Which of the following is not a step used in the comparative genomic hybridization technique? Multiple choice question. the chromosomes are visualized with a fluorescence microscope and the degree of fluorescence is analyzed with a computer DNA is differentially-labeled using a red and a green fluorescent molecule DNA is isolated from two different types of cancer cells the fluorescently-labeled DNA is denatured by heat treatment a mixture of fluorescently-labeled DNA is allowed to hybridize to metaphase chromosomes obtained from white blood cells | back 67 DNA is isolated from two different types of cancer cells |
front 68 Select all that apply Copy number variations are relatively common in the genomes of which of the following? Multiple select question. Plants Bacteria Archaea Viruses Animals | back 68 Plants Animals |
front 69 In a comparative genomic hybridization experiment, the ratio of green to red fluorescence was 2. This indicates that a particular chromosome carries a(n) ____. | back 69 duplication |
front 70 In humans, individuals with a higher copy number of the gene CCL3 produce more ______ protein, and thus tend to be more ______. Multiple choice question. calmodulin ; resistant to AIDS chemokine ; resistant to AIDS calmodulin ; sensitive to cancer chemokine ; sensitive to cancer | back 70  chemokine ; resistant to AIDS |
front 71 A technique called ____ ____ (CGH) can be used to determine whether a cancer cell has changes in chromosome structure, such as duplications or deletions. | back 71 comparative genomic hybridization |
front 72 A chromosomal structural change in which a segment of DNA is rotated 180o is referred to as a(n) ____. | back 72 inversion |
front 73 The DNA from one source forms a double-stranded region with the DNA from another source during what process? Multiple choice question. Hybridization Recombination Translocation Fusion | back 73 Hybridization |
front 74 Inversions are classified into two types. In a(n) ____ inversion, the centromere lies within the inverted region of the chromosome, while in a(n) ____ inversion, the centromere is located outside the inverted region. | back 74 pericentric; paracentric |
front 75 List the steps of comparative genomic hybridization in order. Start with the earliest on top. Isolate DNA from human breast cancer cells and normal breast cells. Mix together heat-denatured fluorescently labeled DNA and metaphase chromosomes from white blood cells (also denatured). Label the breast cancer DNA with a green fluorescent molecule and the normal DNA with a red fluorescent molecule. Allow the fluorescently labeled DNA to hybridize to the metaphase chromosomes. Visualize the chromosomes with a fluorescence microscope. Analyze the amount of green and red fluorescence along each chromosome with a computer. | back 75 1) Isolate DNA from human breast cancer cells and normal breast
cells. |
front 76 Steps of comparative genomic hybridization: | back 76 1) Isolate DNA from human breast cancer cells and normal breast
cells. |
front 77  The graph shows the ratio of green to red fluorescence along metaphase chromosome 16 of humans. The region of the chromosome that is labeled A carries a(n) ______. Multiple choice question. inversion deletion translocation duplication | back 77  deletion |
front 78 Hemophilia type A can be caused by an inversion that has disrupted the gene for ______. Multiple choice question. hemoglobin alpha factor Y factor VIII hemoglobin beta | back 78 factor VIII a blood-clotting protein |
front 79 A change of phenotype that results from a change in the chromosomal location of a gene is called a(n) ____. | back 79 position effect |
front 80 Inversions are classified based on what characteristic? Multiple choice question. The type of cell The type of chromosome The position of the telomere The position of the centromere | back 80 The position of the centromere |
front 81 The great majority of inversions do not cause phenotypic consequences because ______. Multiple choice question. the genes are transferred between homologous chromosomes inversions occur in chromosome regions that do not contain genes the total amount of genetic material does not change in a given chromosome | back 81 the total amount of genetic material does not change in a given chromosome |
front 82  This figure illustrates the types of chromosomal inversions. The left panel depicts a(n) ____ inversion, and the right panel shows a(n) ____ inversion. | back 82  pericentric; paracentric |
front 83 An inversion that has inactivated the gene for the blood clotting protein factor VIII is known to cause the disease ______. Multiple choice question. beta thalassemia hemophilia type A sickle cell anemia erythropoietic porphyria | back 83 hemophilia type A |
front 84 In humans, about ____% of individuals possess inversions that can be seen by light microscopy. | back 84 2 |
front 85 A gene has been moved from the short arm of chromosome 1 to the long arm of chromosome 5, thus causing a change in the phenotype associated with that gene. This is an example of a(n) ______ effect. Multiple choice question. nondisjunction aneuploidy position | back 85 position |
front 86 What proportion of inversions cause phenotypic consequences? Multiple choice question. The vast majority About 50% of them Very few of them | back 86 Very few of them |
front 87  An individual with the following chromosomes is best described as a(n) ______. Multiple choice question. translocation homozygote inversion heterozygote inversion homozygote translocation heterozygote | back 87  inversion heterozygote |
front 88  This figure illustrates what phenomenon? Multiple choice question. A translocation loop which occurs in prophase II of meiosis in a translocation heterozygote An inversion loop which occurs in prophase I of meiosis in an inversion heterozygote A translocation loop which occurs in prophase I of meiosis in a translocation heterozygote An inversion loop which occurs in prophase II of meiosis in an inversion heterozygote | back 88 An inversion loop which occurs in prophase I of meiosis in an inversion heterozygote |
front 89  This figure shows the outcome of a crossover that occurred during prophase I in an individual carrying a ______ inversion. Multiple choice question. pericentric paracentric | back 89 paracentric |
front 90 What percent of the human population contains inversions observable with light microscopy? Multiple choice question. About 25% About 0.1% About 10% About 2% | back 90 About 2% |
front 91 A piece of a chromosome that has lost its centromere is called a(n) ____ fragment. | back 91 acentric |
front 92 A chromosome that possesses two centromeres is called a(n) ____ chromosome. | back 92 dicentric |
front 93 An individual that carries one copy of a normal chromosome and one copy that contains an inverted segment is described by the term ____ ____. | back 93 inversion heterozygote |
front 94 During meiosis I in an inversion heterozygote, the normal chromosome and inversion chromosome can synapse via the formation of a(n) ____ ____. This allows the homologous genes on both chromosomes to align next to each other, regardless of the size of the inverted segment. | back 94 inversion loop |
front 95  This figure represents the outcome of a crossover involving a(n) ______. Multiple choice question. simple translocation in a translocation heterozygote reciprocal translocation in a translocation heterozygote pericentric inversion in an inversion heterozygote paracentric inversion in an inversion heterozygote | back 95 pericentric inversion in an inversion heterozygote |
front 96 The region of a chromosome that links two centromeres is called a(n) ____ ____. | back 96 dicentric bridge |
front 97  Compared to the chromosome on top, the one on the bottom is best described as a(n) ______ fragment. Multiple choice question. holocentric pseudocentric dicentric acentric | back 97 acentric |
front 98 The ends of a eukaryotic chromosome are called ____. | back 98 telomeres |
front 99  This figure shows a(n) ______ chromosome. Multiple choice question. dicentric holocentric telocentric acentric | back 99 dicentric |
front 100 Chromosome breakage and abnormal re-attachment is one mechanism that causes a(n) ____ ____. Another mechanism involves a crossover between nonhomologous chromosomes. | back 100 reciprocal translocation |
front 101 Reciprocal translocations are also called ____translocations, because they do not change the total amount of genetic material. | back 101 balanced |
front 102 Individuals with reciprocal translocations are at risk of having offspring with ____ translocations, having chromosomes that carry duplications and/or deletions. | back 102 unbalanced |
front 103  The bracket in this figure highlights a dicentric ______. Multiple choice question. domain loop karyotype bridge | back 103 bridge |
front 104  In this figure, the blue and red chromosomes represent chromosome numbers 14 and 21, respectively. An individual with the circled chromosomes has ____ ____ syndrome. | back 104  familial down |
front 105 Telomeres are ______. Multiple choice question. sequences of DNA that are rich in protein-encoding genes repeated sequences of DNA that bind microtubules during mitosis repeated sequences of DNA that are found at the end of chromosomes sequences of DNA that initiate replication during interphase | back 105 repeated sequences of DNA that are found at the end of chromosomes |
front 106 A _____ translocation occurs when two nonhomologous acrocentric chromosomes lose their short arms and fuse to form a large single chromosome. Multiple choice question. Robertsonian reciprocal balanced telocentric | back 106 Robertsonian |
front 107 Select all that apply Which of the following can cause reciprocal translocations to occur? Multiple select question. Crossover between nonhomologous chromosomes Chromosomal breakage and DNA repair Chromosome loss during meiosis II Nondisjunction during meiosis I Crossover between homologous chromosomes | back 107 Crossover between nonhomologous chromosomes Chromosomal breakage and DNA repair |
front 108 Translocations that do not alter the amount of genetic material in an individual are known as ______ translocations. Multiple choice question. symmetric centric equivalent balanced | back 108 balanced |
front 109  This figure illustrates a structure called a(n) ____ ____. | back 109  translocation cross |
front 110 Translocations that involve a change in the total amount of genetic material in an individual are known as ______ translocations. Multiple choice question. unbalanced acentric disproportionate asymmetric | back 110 unbalanced |
front 111 Individuals with familial Down syndrome carry an abnormal chromosome complement as a result of a translocation. Individuals with this type of Down syndrome would have ______. Multiple choice question. two copies of chromosome 21 and a chromosome that is a fusion between chromosome 14 and 21 three entire copies of chromosome 21 a copy of chromosome 21 and a chromosome that is a fusion between chromosome 14 and 21 a copy of chromosome 21 and two copies of a chromosome that is a fusion between chromosome 14 and 21 | back 111 two copies of chromosome 21 and a chromosome that is a fusion between chromosome 14 and 21 |
front 112 Match the type of meiotic segregation of a reciprocal translocation to its correct description. Instructions Alternate segregation Adjacent-1 segregation Adjacent-2 segregation Centromeres do not segregate as they should; one daughter cell receives both copies of the centromere on chromosome one, and the other receives both copies of the centromere on chromosome 2; four gametes are genetically unbalanced Adjacent chromosomes (one of each type of centromere) sort into the same cell; four gametes are genetically unbalanced Chromosomes on opposite sides of the translocation cross segregate into the same cell; two gametes have normal chromosomes; two have balanced translocations | back 112  1. alternate segregation- chromosomes on opposite sides of the
translocation cross segregate into the same cell; two gametes have
normal chromosomes; two have balanced translocations |
front 113 A Robertsonian translocation occurs when two ______ chromosomes lose their short arms and fuse to form a large single chromosome. Multiple choice question. homologous acrocentric homologous telocentric nonhomologous acrocentric nonhomologous telocentric | back 113 nonhomologous acrocentric |
front 114 What change in chromosome structure may lead to semisterility? Multiple choice question. Reciprocal translocation Paracentric inversion Simple translocation Pericentric inversion | back 114 Reciprocal translocation |
front 115 Chromosome breakage and abnormal re-attachment is one mechanism that causes a(n) ____ ____. Another mechanism involves a crossover between nonhomologous chromosomes. | back 115 reciprocal translocation |
front 116 During meiosis I in an individual carrying a reciprocal translocation, the homologous chromosomes synapse with each other via the formation of a structure that contains four pairs of sister chromatids. This unusual structure is called a translocation ______. Multiple choice question. domain loop bridge cross | back 116 cross |
front 117 A(n) ____ organism is one with a chromosome number that is an exact multiple of a chromosome set. | back 117 euploid |
front 118 In an individual with a reciprocal translocation, meiotic segregation can occur in different patterns: _______ segregation gives rise to balanced haploid cells, whereas ________ produces haploid cells with an unbalanced amount of genetic material. Multiple choice question. adjacent-1 ; alternate adjacent-1 ; adjacent-2 alternate ; adjacent-1 adjacent-2 ; adjacent-1 | back 118 alternate ; adjacent-1 |
front 119 An organism that has three sets of chromosomes is called a(n) ____, while one with four sets is called a(n) ____. | back 119 triploid; tetraploid |
front 120 In individuals carrying a reciprocal translocation, alternate and adjacent-1 segregation patterns typically occur in equal frequency. Since the gametes produced by adjacent-1 segregation are not viable, this leads to a decrease in the reproductive potential of the individual -- a condition called ____. | back 120 semisterility |
front 121 Polyploidy is best defined as the presence of ______. Multiple choice question. two or more copies of a chromosome three or more sets of chromosomes three or more copies of a chromosome two or more sets of chromosomes | back 121 three or more sets of chromosomes |
front 122  The diploid chromosome number of fruit flies is 8. The condition exhibited in this figure is | back 122  trisomy, aneuploidy, or trisomic |
front 123 In a particular plant species, individuals can be diploid, triploid, or tetraploid. All of these organisms are said to be ______. Multiple choice question. euploid polyploid heteroploid aneuploid | back 123 euploid |
front 124 Changes in the number of individual chromosomes such that the total number of chromosomes is not an exact multiple of a set results in a condition called ____. | back 124 aneuploid |
front 125 In organisms that are normally diploid, a trisomic individual is designated Multiple choice question. 2n - 1. 3n. 2n + 1. 3n - 1. | back 125 2n + 1. |
front 126 In Drosophila melanogaster, 2n = 8. A triploid fly would have ______ chromosomes, while a tetraploid fly would contain ______ chromosomes. Multiple choice question. 12 ; 16 12 ; 24 10 ; 12 16 ; 24 16 ; 32 | back 126 12 ; 16 |
front 127 An organism that has only one copy of a particular chromosome instead of the normal two copies is said to be ____. | back 127 monosomic, monosomy, or monosome |
front 128 A(n) ____ organism is one that contains three or more sets of chromosomes. | back 128 polyploid |
front 129 Aneuploidy causes an abnormal phenotype due to ______. Multiple choice question. an abnormal crossover in altered chromosomes balance in the gene products an imbalance of gene products | back 129 an imbalance of gene products |
front 130  In fruit flies, 2n = 8. This figure shows the chromosome complement of a(n) ______ fly. Multiple choice question. triploid aneuploid tetrasomic trisomic | back 130 triploid |
front 131 What percentage of spontaneous abortions are due to changes in chromosome number? Multiple choice question. About 1% About 75% About 50% About 25% About 10% | back 131 About 50% |
front 132 ______ is the gain or loss of individual chromosomes to or from a complete set. Multiple choice question. Euploidy Autosomy Heterosomy Alloploidy Aneuploidy | back 132 Aneuploidy |
front 133 In humans, the most common disorders involving abnormalities in the number of autosomes are trisomies of chromosomes ____, ____, and ____. | back 133 13; 18; 21 |
front 134 An organism that has three copies of a particular chromosome instead of the normal two copies is said to be | back 134 trisomy |
front 135 Spontaneously aborted human embryos have been found to contain every trisomy except that of chromosome ____. | back 135 1 |
front 136 In organisms that are normally diploid, a monosomic individual is designated ______. Multiple choice question. n + 1 2n - 1 1n n - 1 | back 136 2n - 1 |
front 137 Match the syndrome to its appropriate description. Trisomy 13 Trisomy 18 Trisomy 21 Down syndrome Edwards syndrome Patau syndrome | back 137  Trisomy 13: Patau syndrome Trisomy 18: Edwards syndrome Trisomy 21: Down syndrome |
front 138 In comparison to a normal diploid cell, a cell that is trisomic would produce up to ______ of the protein product of the gene found in three copies. Therefore, an imbalance occurs between the level of expression of this gene versus the ones that are normally found in pairs. Multiple choice question. 150% 50% 300% 200% 100% | back 138 150% |
front 139 In humans, an individual with Klinefelter syndrome has a sex chromosome composition of ______. Multiple choice question. XXY XXX XO XYY | back 139 XXY |
front 140 True or false: In humans, about one-fifth of all spontaneous abortions are caused by abnormalities in the number of chromosomes. True False | back 140 False |
front 141 The three most common autosomal trisomies in humans are those involving what chromosomes? Multiple select question. Chromosome 5 Chromosome 21 Chromosome 13 Chromosome 1 Chromosome 18 Chromosome 15 | back 141 Chromosome 21 Chromosome 13 Chromosome 18 |
front 142 Which of the following trisomies is so lethal that it does not allow embryo implantation in the uterus? Multiple choice question. Trisomy 3 Trisomy 16 Trisomy 1 Trisomy X Trisomy 22 | back 142 Trisomy 1 |
front 143 Unlike trisomy for autosomes, trisomy X is often without serious phenotypic consequences. This is due to the fact that the additional X chromosome is converted to an inactive ____ ____ in the somatic cells of the adult. | back 143 Barr body |
front 144 Multiple Choice Question In humans, trisomy 13 is also known as ______, while trisomy 18 is called ______. Marfan syndrome ; Lejeune syndrome Patau syndrome ; Edwards syndrome Lejeune syndrome ; Marfan syndrome Edwards syndrome ; Patau syndrome | back 144 Patau syndrome ; Edwards syndrome |
front 145 Of the following, which is the most likely to have a child with Down syndrome? Multiple choice question. A male who was 46 years when he became a father A female who was 23 years old when she gave birth A female who was 46 years old when she gave birth A male who was 23 years when he became a father | back 145 A female who was 46 years old when she gave birth |
front 146 A person with 44 autosomes, one X chromosome, and no Y chromosome is said to have ____ syndrome. | back 146 turner |
front 147 Nondisjunction occurs when chromosomes do not ______. Multiple choice question. replicate properly during interphase condense efficiently during interphase recombine efficiently during meiosis separate properly during meiosis | back 147 separate properly during meiosis |
front 148 Individuals with Down syndrome have three copies of chromosome 21. The extra copy is most likely to be due to ____ during meiosis I in the oocyte. | back 148 nondisjunction |
front 149 Trisomy X typically does not cause phenotypic abnormalities because ______. Multiple choice question. the X chromosome contains genes that are not essential for survival all additional X chromosomes are converted to Barr bodies the X chromosome is very small and does not contain a lot of genes all additional X chromosomes are converted to polar bodies | back 149 all additional X chromosomes are converted to Barr bodies |
front 150 Select all that apply The haplodiploid system of sex determination is used by which of the following? Multiple select question. Birds Ants Bees Sharks Grasshoppers | back 150 Ants Bees |
front 151 Abnormalities in chromosome number in humans rise with an increase in the ____ of either parent. | back 151 age |
front 152 Where has polyploidy been discovered? Multiple choice question. In both plants and animals In neither plants nor animals In plants only In animals only | back 152 In both plants and animals |
front 153 In humans, an individual with Klinefelter syndrome has a sex chromosome composition of ______. Multiple choice question. XXY XO XXX XYY | back 153 XXY |
front 154 A diploid organism that has some polyploid cells is exhibiting ____. | back 154 endopolyploidy |
front 155 The failure of chromosomes to segregate properly during mitosis or meiosis is called ____. | back 155 nondisjunction |
front 156 A giant chromosome consisting of many identical copies of a chromosome lying next to each other in parallel is known as a(n) ____ chromosome. | back 156 polytene |
front 157 The most common cause of trisomy 21 is nondisjunction during ______ in the ______. Multiple choice question. meiosis I; mother meiosis II; father meiosis II; mother meiosis I; father | back 157 meiosis I; mother |
front 158 In bees, ______. Multiple choice question. both males and females are haploid males are haploid, while females are diploid females are haploid, while males are diploid both males and females are diploid | back 158 males are haploid, while females are diploid |
front 159 The chromosomes of a polytene chromosome aggregate at a central point called the ____. | back 159 chromocenter |
front 160 True or false: Polyploidy is tolerated in plants. However, it is a lethal condition in all animals. | back 160 False |
front 161 Polyploidy is commonly found in species of ______. Multiple choice question. bacteria vertebrate animals plants invertebrate animals | back 161 plants |
front 162 Liver cells of humans may be triploid (3n), tetraploid (4n), or even octaploid (8n). This phenomenon is best described as ______. Multiple choice question. polysomy endopolyploidy allopolyploidy polyembryony | back 162 endopolyploidy |
front 163 Strawberries exist ______. Multiple choice question. as different species: diploid, triploid, or tetraploid as two species: diploid or triploid as different species: diploid, tetraploid, or even octaploid as a single species: tetraploid | back 163 as different species: diploid, tetraploid, or even octaploid |
front 164 The polytene chromosomes of Drosophila ______. Multiple choice question. arise when chromosomal duplication occurs without cell division are large chromosomes that play a role in sex determination arise when cell division occurs without chromosomal duplication are small chromosomes that can fuse end to end forming a longer chromosome | back 164 arise when chromosomal duplication occurs without cell division |
front 165 Which of the following individuals will have the most trouble in producing functional gametes during meiosis? Multiple choice question. Triploid with 30 total chromosomes Tetraploid with 60 total chromosomes Diploid with 6 total chromosomes Tetraploid with 48 total chromosomes | back 165 Triploid with 30 total chromosomes |
front 166 Polytene chromosomes appear to be bound to each other at the ______. Multiple choice question. centromere chromomere centrosome chromocenter | back 166 chromocenter |
front 167 In a triploid plant, the probability that meiosis will produce a gamete that is perfectly haploid or diploid is _______, where n is the number of chromosomes in a set. Thus, the high probability of aneuploid gametes makes triploid plants sterile. Multiple choice question. (1/2)n+1 (1/2)n (1/2)n-1 (1/2)2n | back 167 (1/2)n-1 |
front 168 Which of the following statements about polyploidy is true? Multiple choice question. It is equally common in animals and in plants It is more common in plants than in animals It is more common in animals than in plants | back 168 It is more common in plants than in animals |
front 169 Cultivated wheat, Triticum aestivum, is a ______ that was derived from ______ species of grasses. Multiple choice question. hexaploid ; two different triploid tetraploid ; two different diploid hexaploid ; three different diploid tetraploid ; four different haploid | back 169 hexaploid ; three different diploid |
front 170 Sterility can be a desirable trait from an agricultural perspective since it may result in a fruit that is ____. | back 170 seedless |
front 171 Multiple Choice Question Polyploid plants that have an odd number of chromosome sets are usually ______, and those with an even number of chromosome sets are usually ______. Multiple choice question. sterile ; sterile sterile ; fertile fertile ; fertile fertile ; sterile | back 171 sterile ; fertile |
front 172 The term meiotic ____ refers to the failure of chromosomes to separate normally during meiosis. This results in haploid cells that have too many or too few chromosomes. | back 172 nondisjunction |
front 173 Select all that apply When does nondisjunction typically occur (choose all that apply)? Multiple select question. Cytokinesis of meiosis I Telophase of meiosis II Anaphase of meiosis II Telophase of meiosis I Anaphase of meiosis I | back 173 Anaphase of meiosis II Anaphase of meiosis I |
front 174  This figure shows anaphase I of meiosis in a ______ individual containing ______ chromosomes. Multiple choice question. triploid; three sets of four hexaploid; six sets of two tetraploid; four sets of three diploid; two sets of six | back 174  triploid; three sets of four |
front 175  If a pair of homologous chromosomes undergoes nondisjunction during meiosis I, what will be the chromosome number of the four resulting gametes? Assume meiosis II is normal. Multiple choice question. n - 1; n - 1; n; n n + 1; n - 1; n - 1; n n + 1; n + 1; n; n n + 1; n - 1; n; n n + 1; n + 1; n - 1; n - 1 | back 175 n + 1; n + 1; n - 1; n - 1 |
front 176 The house mouse Mus musculus has a diploid chromosome number of 40. Suppose that the first meiotic division of a germ cell is normal, but a single dyad in one of the two daughter cells undergoes nondisjunction in meiosis II. How many chromosomes would be present in each of the four gametes that result from that meiosis? Multiple choice question. 20, 20, 21, 19 22, 20, 18, 16 10, 10, 12, 8 21, 21, 19, 19 12, 12, 8, 8 | back 176 20, 20, 21, 19 |
front 177 A triploid plant is advantageous in agriculture because it is often ______. Multiple choice question. fertile disease-resistant seedless pest-resistant | back 177 seedless |
front 178 If a sperm carrying an extra chromosome fertilizes a normal egg, the zygote that is produced will be ______. Multiple choice question. monosomic tetrasomic trisomic disomic | back 178 trisomic |
front 179 Improper separation of chromosomes can occur after fertilization in one of the body's somatic cells. This mechanism is referred to as mitotic ____. | back 179 nondisjunction |
front 180 Complete nondisjunction during the first meiotic division would result in which of the following gametes at the end of meiosis II? Multiple choice question. Four haploid gametes Two diploid gametes Four aneuploid gametes Two diploid gametes and two haploid gametes | back 180 Two diploid gametes |
front 181 Nondisjunction occurs during what stage of meiosis? Multiple choice question. Anaphase I but not anaphase II Neither anaphase I nor anaphase II Anaphase II but not anaphase I Either anaphase I or anaphase II | back 181 Either anaphase I or anaphase II |
front 182 During mitosis of a particular diploid cell, a single chromosome undergoes nondisjunction. What will be the chromosome number in the resulting daughter cells? Multiple choice question. n + 1, n - 1 2n, 2n - 1 2n, n 2n + 1, 2n - 1 2n + 1, 2n | back 182 2n + 1, 2n - 1 |
front 183 The hypothetical organism Sllub adirolfhtuos has a diploid chromosome number of 56. Suppose that one of the chromosome pairs fails to disjoin properly during meiosis I. How many chromosomes will be present in each of the four gametes that result from that meiosis? Assume meiosis II is normal. Multiple choice question. 12, 12, 16, 16 28, 28, 0, 0 28, 28, 27, 29 27, 27, 29, 29 12, 16, 14, 14 | back 183 27, 27, 29, 29 |
front 184 In a particular cell undergoing meiosis, the first meiotic division is normal, but a chromosome undergoes nondisjunction during meiosis II. What will be the chromosome number of the four resulting gametes? Multiple choice question. n + 1; n + 1; n; n n - 1; n - 1; n; n n + 1; n - 1; n - 1; n n + 1; n - 1; n; n n + 1; n + 1; n - 1; n - 1 | back 184 n + 1; n - 1; n; n |
front 185 Assume nondisjunction occurs in meiosis II in oogenesis. If the resulting gametes are fertilized by normal sperm, what types of zygotes can be produced? Multiple choice question. Trisomic only Disomic and trisomic Monosomic and disomic Monosomic and trisomic Monosomic, disomic, and trisomic | back 185 Monosomic, disomic, and trisomic |
front 186  Consider a cell that is 2n = 4. This figure represents what event? Multiple choice question. Nondisjunction during meiosis I Nondisjunction during mitosis Chromosome loss during mitosis | back 186  Nondisjunction during mitosis |
front 187 In meiosis, if all of the chromosomes fail to separate normally, and end up migrating to one of the two daughter cells, the result is that all four cells are abnormal. This event is known as ____. | back 187 complete nondisjunction |
front 188 Mitotic nondisjunction in a diploid cell produces ______. Multiple choice question. a trisomic and a disomic daughter cell two nullisomic daughter cells a disomic and a nullisomic daughter cell two monosomic daughter cells a trisomic and a monosomic daughter cell | back 188 a trisomic and a monosomic daughter cell |
front 189 Chromosome loss during mitosis of a diploid cell produces ______. Multiple choice question. a trisomic and a nullisomic daughter cell two monosomic daughter cells a disomic and a nullisomic daughter cell two nullisomic daughter cells a normal and a monosomic daughter cell | back 189 a normal and a monosomic daughter cell |
front 190 Mosaics are most likely caused by ______. Multiple choice question. nondisjunction during meiosis I nondisjunction during mitosis nondisjunction during meiosis II Robertsonian translocations | back 190 nondisjunction during mitosis |
front 191  A cell has a normal diploid chromosome number of 4. The phenomenon shown in this diagram is ______. Multiple choice question. nondisjunction during mitosis nondisjunction during meiosis I chromosome loss during mitosis | back 191 chromosome loss during mitosis |
front 192  This figure best illustrates the condition of ______. Multiple choice question. allopolyploidy autopolyploidy aneuploidy endopolyploidy | back 192  autopolyploidy |
front 193 Complete nondisjunction during the first meiotic division would result in which of the following gametes at the end of meiosis II? Multiple choice question. Four haploid gametes Two diploid gametes and two haploid gametes Four aneuploid gametes Two diploid gametes | back 193 Two diploid gametes |
front 194 An allodiploid refers to an organism that has ______. Multiple choice question. one set of chromosomes from two different species two sets of chromosomes from the same species one subset of cells that is monoploid, and another that is polyploid one subsets of cells that is euploid, and another that is aneuploid | back 194 one set of chromosomes from two different species |
front 195 During mitosis of a particular diploid cell, a chromosome loss event occurs. What will be the chromosome number in the resulting daughter cells? Multiple choice question. 2n, n n + 1, n - 1 2n + 1, 2n 2n + 1, 2n - 1 2n, 2n - 1 | back 195 2n, 2n - 1 |
front 196 Nondisjunction events that occur during mitosis, produce a subset of cells that are genetically different from those of the rest of the organism. This condition is called ____. | back 196 mosaicism |
front 197  This karyotype depicts the ______ chromosome of an ______. Multiple choice question. homologous; autodiploid homeologous; allodiploid homeologous; autodiploid homologous; allodiploid | back 197 homeologous; allodiploid |
front 198 An individual that has multiple sets of chromosomes from the same species is best described as a(n) ______. Multiple choice question. homopolyploid endopolyploid allopolyploid autopolyploid | back 198 autopolyploid |
front 199 Species A and species B are closely related. Both are diploid with A having 2n = 12 and B having 2n = 14. How many chromosomes will an allotetraploid have? Multiple choice question. 52 28 24 26 | back 199 26 |
front 200 An organism that has one set of chromosomes from two different species is best described as a(n) ______. Multiple choice question. heterodiploid allodiploid autodiploid pseudodiploid | back 200 allodiploid |
front 201 An allotetraploid possesses which of the following? Multiple choice question. Four sets of chromosomes from one species. Two sets of chromosomes from two different species. One set of chromosomes from two different species. One set of chromosomes from four different species. | back 201 Two sets of chromosomes from two different species. |
front 202 The drug ____ is often used to promote polyploidy because it binds to the microtubule spindle apparatus and thus disrupts normal chromosome segregation during cell division. | back 202 colchicine |
front 203 A male of species A is crossed with a female of species B. The offspring is best described as a(n) ______. Multiple choice question. aneuploid allodiploid endodiploid autodiploid | back 203 allodiploid |
front 204 Applying colchicine to a diploid plant may cause ____ ____ in a cell, which will form a tetraploid daughter cell. Such a tetraploid cell may continue to divide and produce a segment of the plant with more robust characteristics. | back 204 complete/mitotic nondisjunction |
front 205 In a particular plant species, 2n = 12. How many chromosomes will an allotetraploid individual have? Multiple choice question. 36 72 60 48 24 | back 205 24 |
front 206 An organism that has at least two set of chromosomes from two or more different species is best described as a(n) ______. Multiple choice question. allopolyploid exopolyploid autopolyploid heteropolyploid | back 206 allopolyploid |
front 207 Which of the following is a commonly used agent for promoting polyploidy? Multiple choice question. Calmodulin Colchicine Safranin Eosin | back 207 Colchicine |
front 208 What happens when a diploid plant is treated with colchicine? Multiple choice question. The drug may cause complete nondisjunction, yielding tetraploid cells. The drug may induce a lot of spontaneous mutations, causing the plant to die. The drug may promote chromosomal rearrangements increasing the likelihood of tumors. | back 208 The drug may cause complete nondisjunction, yielding tetraploid cells. |