front 1 Name one organ of the alimentary canal found in the thorax. Name three organs located in the abdominal cavity. | back 1 The esophagus is found in the thorax; Stomach, small intestine, and large intestine are found within the abdominal cavity |
front 2 What is the usual site of ingestion? | back 2 Ingestion begins in the mouth in a healthy person |
front 3 Which digestive system activity actually moves nutrients from the outside to the inside of the body? | back 3 The process of ABSORPTION moves nutrients into the body. |
front 4 When sensors in the GI tract are stimulated, they respond via reflexes. What types of digestive activity may be put into motion via the reflexes? | back 4 Reflexes associated with the GI tract promote muscle contraction and secretion of digestive juices or hormones |
front 5 The term "gut brain" does not really mean there is a brain in the digestive system. What does it refers to? | back 5 The enteric nervous system or web of neurons closely associated with the digestive organs. |
front 6 How does the location of the visceral peritoneum differ from that of the parietal peritoneum? | back 6 visceral peritoneum is the outermost layer and the parietal peritoneum is the serous membrane covering the walls of the abdominal cavity |
front 7 Of the following organs which is are retroperitoneal?
| back 7 B) Pancreas |
front 8 What name is given to the venous portion of the splanchnic circulation? | back 8 Hepatic Portal Circulation |
front 9 Name the layers of the Alimentary Canal from the inside out. | back 9 Serosa - Mainly fibrous and areolar connective tissue, visceral peritoneum
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front 10 Jerry has been given a drug that inhibits parasympathetic stimulation of his digestive tract. Should he “eat hearty” or temporarily refrain from eating, and why? | back 10 Jerry should temporarily refrain from eating because the parasympathetic system oversees the digestive activities |
front 11 How does the oral vestibule differ from the oral cavity proper? | back 11 The oral vestibule is the region between the cheek and the teeth. The oral cavity proper is the area enclosed by the teeth |
front 12 Which structure forms the roof of the mouth? | back 12 The palate forms the roof of the mouth. The hard palate is the bony area and the soft palate is posterior to the hard palate. |
front 13 Besides preparing food for swallowing, the tongue has another role. What is it? | back 13 The tongue is important for speech and taste. |
front 14 What is the importance of the serous portion of saliva. | back 14 The serous portion of saliva is rich in salivary amylase, an enzyme that chemically breaks down starch, helps hydrate food stuff and protects against microorganisms |
front 15 Name three antimicrobial substances found in saliva. | back 15 antimicrobial substances found in saliva include lysozyme, defensing, and IgA antibodies |
front 16 Seven-year old Tina ran to her daddy to show him her lower central incisor which she had wiggled until it “fell out.” Is this a primary or permanent tooth? What name is given to teeth that (according to Tina) fall out? | back 16 It is a primary tooth that fell out. It is called a deciduous tooth or milk tooth |
front 17 Which tooth substance is harder than bone? Which tooth region includes nervous tissue and blood vessels? | back 17 Enamel is harder than bone. The pulp region includes nervous tissue and blood vessels |
front 18 Which teeth are “grinders”? | back 18 The molars are “grinders” |
front 19 To which two organ systems does the pharynx belong? | back 19 The pharynx is part of the respiratory and digestive system |
front 20 How is the muscular externa of the esophagus unique in the body? | back 20 Muscular externa undergoes a transformation from skeletal muscle to smooth muscle. |
front 21 What is the functional significance of the epithelial change seen at the esophagus-stomach junction? | back 21 The esophagus is a food chute and undergos a good deal of abrasion which stratifies squamous can withstand. The stomach is secretory mucosa. |
front 22 What role does the tongue play in swallowing? | back 22 The tongue mixes the food with saliva, compacts the food into a ball and initiates swallowing |
front 23 How are the respiratory passages blocked during swallowing? | back 23 The ulula and the soft palate rise and cover the naso pharynx and the epiglottis covers the larynx during swallowing. |
front 24 What structural modification of the stomach wall underlies the stomach’s ability to mechanically break down food? | back 24 The stomach has 3 layers of smooth muscle that are responsible for peristalsis . |
front 25 Two substances secreted by cells of the gastric glands are needed to produce the active protein-digesting enzyme pepsin. What are these substances and which cells secrete them? | back 25 The chief cells produce pepsinogen which is the inactive enzyme pepsin. The parietal cesll secrete HC1 needed to activate pepsinogen |
front 26 Which protective substances or activities make up the so-called mucosal barrier? | back 26 The mucosal barrier consists of thick alkaline mucus secreted by mucus cells |
front 27 Name the three phases of gastric secretion. | back 27 The three phases include cephalic phase, the gastric phase, and the intestinal phase |
front 28 How does the presence of food in the small intestine inhibit gastric secretion and motility? | back 28 Food in the small intestines inhibits gastric activity by triggering the enterogastic reflex and the secretion of entergastrones |
front 29 How does the pH of the venous blood leaving the stomach change during a meal? | back 29 Venous blood becomes more alkaline due to the alkaline tide occurring during HC1 secretion |
front 30 What common advantage do circular folds, villi, and microvilli of the small intestine provide to the digestive process? Which of these modifications cause chime to spiral through the lumen and slows its passage? | back 30 These all increase the surface area of the intestines, additionally the circular folds force chime to spiral through the lumen |
front 31 What are brush border enzymes? | back 31 Brush border enzymes are enzymes associated with the microvilli of the small intestines mucosal cells |
front 32 What is lacteal and what is its function? | back 32 A lacteal is a special lymphatic capillary that picks up lymph from the digestive visera |
front 33 Name three secretory products that help protect the intestinal mucosa from bacteria damage. | back 33 IgA, HC1 and defensin help protect the intestinal mucosa from bacteria damage. |
front 34 What is portal triad? | back 34 A portal triad is a region at the corner of the hepatic lobule that contains a branch of the hepatic portal vien, a branch of the hepatic artery and the bile duct |
front 35 What is the importance of the enterohepatic circulation? | back 35 Enterohepatic circulation is an important recycling mechanism for retaining bile salts for fat absorption. |
front 36 What is the role of the stellate macrophages of the liver? | back 36 Macrophages rid the liver of bacteria and dead cells |
front 37 What do zymogen granules contain? | back 37 Zymogen granules contain inactive digestive enzymes |
front 38 What is the functional difference between pancreatic acini and islets? | back 38 Pancreatic acini produce the exocrine products (digestive enzymes and juices) and islets produce hormones namely insulin and glucagon |
front 39 What is the makeup of the fluids in the pancreatic duct? In the cystic duct? In the bile duct? | back 39 Fluid in the pancreatic duct is biocarbinate rich, enzyme rich pancreatic juice. The cystic and bile duct contains bile. |
front 40 What stimulates CCK release and what are its effects on the digestive process? | back 40 CCk is secretes in response to the entry of chime rich protein and fat in the duodenum. It causes the pancreatic acini to secrete digestive enzymes, stimulates the gall bladder to contract, and relaxes the hepatopancreatic sphincter to relax |
front 41 Distension of the stomach and duodenal walls have different effects on the stomach secretory activity. What are these effects? | back 41 Distension of the stomach wall enhances stomach secretory activity. Distension of the duodenum wall reduces stomach secretory activity to give the small intestines time to carry out its digestive and absorptive activities. |
front 42 Which is more important in moving food along the small intestine – peristalsis or segmentation? | back 42 Segmentation is more important for moving food along in the small intestines. |
front 43 What is MMC and why is it important? | back 43 MMC is the migrating motor complex, a pattern of peristalsis seen in the small intestines that moves the last bit of food plus bacteria and debris into the large intestines. It is important to prevent the over growth of bacteria in the small intestines. |
front 44 What propulsive movements are unique to the large intestine? | back 44 Mass movements and haustral contractions are unique the the large intestines. Mass movements are long, slow, powerful contractions that move over large areas of the colon 3 to 4 times a day, forcing the contents toward the rectum. Haustral contractions are a special type of segmentation. |
front 45 What is the result of stimulation of the stretch receptors in the rectal walls? | back 45 Activations of stretch receptors in the rectal wall initiates the defecation reflex |
front 46 In what ways are enteric bacteria important to our nutrition? | back 46 enteric bacteria synthesize B vitamins and some K vitamins the liver needs to synthesize clotting proteins |
front 47 What type of chemical reaction is the basis of all enzymatic food breakdown? | back 47 All food digestion relies on hydrolysis reactions |
front 48 Maylase is the starch as _____ is to fats. | back 48 Lipase |
front 49 What is the role of bile salkts int the digestive process? In absorption? | back 49 Bile salts emulsify fats so that they can act efficiently by lipase enzymes, and form micelles that aid in fat absorption |
front 50 From which germ layer does the digestive system mucosa develop? | back 50 Endoderm germ layer |
front 51 How does cystic fibrosis interfere with the digestive process? | back 51 The thick viscous mucus clogs pancreatic ducts and prevents the delivery of pancreatic fluid to the duodenum. This inhibits fat digestion and absorption. |
front 52 Why are colon and stomach cancers so dangerous? | back 52 Colon and stomach cancers are very dangerous because they have few early warning signs |