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BIOL chapter 19 9 (actual)

front 1

Why did the researchers perform immediate duplicate sequences on some patients?

back 1

Immediate duplicate sequences were experimental controls (technical replicates) designed to verify the accuracy of the sequ

front 2

Why did the researchers perform sequencing at multiple time points on some patients?

back 2

Sequences taken at multiple time points enabled scientists to assess how the virus was evolving within a patient over time.

front 3

Identify the positions of the shared mutations that enabled scientists to organize the sequences into three groups.

back 3

Positions 1, 7, 12, 13, and 14

front 4

Using the sequence similarities and differences among the 4 groups, can you identify the tree that accurately represents the ancestor-descendant relationships among the four groups?

back 4

- second tree option

front 5

What did researchers conclude about the mode of transmission?

back 5

An outbreak started in Guinea, then spread to Sierra Leone through human-to-human transmission.

front 6

viruses only

back 6

front 7

host cell only

back 7

front 8

both

back 8

front 9

lytic cycle

back 9

front 10

lysogenic cycle

back 10

front 11

both cycles

back 11

front 12

Which statements about viruses are true?

back 12

  1. A retrovirus contains RNA.
  2. The capsid enters the host cell if the virus is enveloped.
  3. Enveloped viruses bud from the host cell.
  4. HIV contains reverse transcriptase.

front 13

Which of the three types of viruses shown in the figure would you expect to include a capsid(s)?

back 13

front 14

Emerging viruses arise by

back 14

  • mutation of existing viruses
  • the spread of existing viruses more widely within their host species
  • the spread of existing viruses to new host species.

front 15

Which of the following descriptions correctly identifies a main structural difference between viruses with envelopes and viruses without envelopes?

back 15

Only viruses with envelopes have their contents enclosed by a layer containing lipids

front 16

How does a virus differ from a bacterium?

back 16

Viruses, unlike bacteria, lack metabolic enzymes

front 17

All of the statements below are true. Select the statement that best supports the view of most biologists that viruses are nonliving.

back 17

An isolated virus is unable to replicate its genes or regenerate ATP.

front 18

In the lysogenic cycle _____.

back 18

viral DNA is replicated along with host DNA

front 19

Cycle A is the _____ cycle and cycle B is the _____ cycle.

back 19

lytic ... lysogenic

front 20

The lytic cycle of bacteriophage infection ends with the _____.

back 20

rupture of the bacterium

front 21

The pointer is indicating the _____.

back 21

viral protein coat

front 22

As a result of the lytic cycle, _____.

back 22

the host cell's DNA is destroyed

front 23

The genetic material of HIV consists of _____.

back 23

single-stranded RNA

front 24

Which of these binds to receptor molecules on the host cell membrane?

back 24

A

front 25

What is the function of reverse transcriptase?

back 25

It catalyzes the formation of DNA from an RNA template.

front 26

What is the source of a viral envelope?

back 26

host cell membrane

front 27

Which of these is reverse transcriptase?

back 27

C

front 28

Which of these is the viral genome?

back 28

E

front 29

What enzyme allows a retrovirus to make DNA from an RNA template?

back 29

reverse transcriptase

front 30

Double-stranded viral DNA is incorporated into a host cell as a _____.

back 30

provirus

front 31

The pointer is indicating the virus's _____.

back 31

genome

front 32

Viral DNA makes mRNA by the process of _____

back 32

transcription

front 33

How does HIV cause disease?

back 33

HIV kills cells that defend the body against disease.

front 34

How do enveloped viruses differ from nonenveloped viruses?

back 34

They have a membrane-like outer covering.

front 35

Which replicative cycle describes a virus that can integrate its genome into the host cell's genome?

back 35

Lysogenic

front 36

Which enzyme inserts viral DNA into the host's chromosomal DNA?

back 36

Integrase

front 37

How does HIV bind to a host cell?

back 37

The viral envelope proteins interact with CD4 and a co-receptor on the cell membrane.

front 38

Which of the following events stimulates the production of viral particles in a host cell?

back 38

Activation of the host cell by cytokines, growth factors, or antigens.

front 39

True or false? The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) uses reverse transcriptase to make double-stranded RNA copies of its DNA genome.

back 39

False

front 40

Which of the following events or characteristics is the most likely explanation for why an individual experiences regular herpesvirus-mediated cold sore or genital sore flare-ups?

back 40

Copies of the herpesvirus genome permanently maintained in host nuclei are periodically "activated."

front 41

The host range of a virus is determined by whether ________.

back 41

the proteins on virus surface can bind with proteins on the host surface

front 42

Which of the following characteristics is typical of the lytic cycle of a bacteriophage?

back 42

The host membrane ruptures, releasing many phages.

front 43

Which of the following correctly describes the viral assembly process?

back 43

New viral components self-assemble without help from cellular components.

front 44

A newly identified virus has a single-stranded RNA genome that is used as mRNA after infection. Its capsid is 25-30 nm in diameter and contains 180 identical capsomeres. Which of the following processes would be the best to follow to analyze the reproduction of this virus in a host cell?

back 44

translation rate

front 45

Cells were infected with approximately 1,000 copies of either virus A or virus B at the 0 time point. At five-minute intervals, a sample of the virus and cell mixture was removed. All intact cells were removed from the sample, and the number of viruses per milliliter of culture was determined.
Based on the data provided, the lytic cycle of virus B is closest to ________.

back 45

60 minutes

front 46

Which of the following best explains the results?

back 46

Virus P is capable of both lysogenic and lytic cycles.

front 47

Viruses require host cell's machinery to make copies of themselves. However, some viruses that infect humans require mechanisms that do not normally occur in human cells. Which of the following describes how the viruses can replicate in human cells?

back 47

The viral genome codes for specialized enzymes not found in the host cells.

front 48

Oseltamivir (Tamiflu), an antiviral drug prescribed for the flu, inhibits the enzyme neuraminidase. How could this drug prevent infection in someone exposed to the flu or shorten the course of flu in an infected patient (the reasons for which it is prescribed)?

back 48

Inhibiting neuraminidase blocks the release of new viruses from infected cells.

front 49

Which of the following statements correctly describes vaccines and how they help prevent viral infection?

back 49

Vaccines are inactive versions of a virus that stimulate an immune reaction in a person.

front 50

A researcher is studying a single plant infected with tobacco mosaic virus (TMV). She crushes three of the plant's leaves in a small amount of water and stores the sample in the refrigerator overnight. The next day she sprays the mixture onto a new set of tobacco plants she had recently trimmed and repotted. Which of the following results will most likely occur?

back 50

The plants would develop the typical symptoms of TMV infection and would be able to transmit the disease.

front 51

A person is most likely to recover from a cold due to viral infection if the infected cells are able to perform which of the following processes?

back 51

normal cell division

front 52

Which of the following statements best reflects what we know about how influenza virus moves between species?

back 52

An animal, such as a pig, is infected with more than one strain of the influenza virus and the genomes reassort into new combinations that can facilitate spread to other species.

front 53

An infectious substance capable of causing disease in plants is isolated and researchers want to determine whether the substance is a bacterium or a virus. Which of the following methods will best allow them to determine the type of infectious agent they have isolated?

back 53

Culture the substance on nutritive medium, away from any plant cells.