front 1 Which part of the microscope condenses the light and focuses it on the specimen? | back 1 Condenser lens |
front 2 What is the term used to state that microbes are found everywhere? | back 2 Ubiquitous |
front 3 Which of the following is an incorrect way to aseptically transfer cultures? | back 3 A. Sterilize loop end until red hot in the bottom of the flame
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front 4 Typically growth media is sterilized in an __________ which utilizes steam under pressure. | back 4 Autoclave |
front 5 Name two out of the four differences between simple and negative stains. | back 5 Simple – basic, positive, stains cells, heat-fixed
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front 6 True or False: Bacteria and fungi exist as resident flora and outnumber human cells by 10:1 | back 6 True |
front 7 Which safety guideline is not correct? | back 7 A. Wash your hands before and after your experiment
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front 8 True or False: It is okay to mouth pipette substances and smell cultures | back 8 False |
front 9 __________ means that the image should stay in focus when you change lenses | back 9 Parfocal |
front 10 True or False: A danger of using heat to fix a specimen is that cells may become damaged or their cellular structures may become distorted. | back 10 True |
front 11 Why is colony number more important than colony size? | back 11 Colony number gives you more of an indication of the number of species/organisms you started out with, while colony size just tells you that the colony is growing |
front 12 What is the term that describes structural stains that detect specific physical and chemical characteristics of a cell? | back 12 Differential Stains |
front 13 What are two differences between a gram positive and a gram negative cell? | back 13 Gram+ = Stains purple, peptidoglycan, thick cell walls, no lipopolysaccharide layer, teichoic acids
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front 14 What is the additional cell wall component in Mycobacterium and Norcardia? | back 14 A. Mycolic Acid**
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front 15 A less common structure that can be detected through staining is the bacterial __________. | back 15 Endospore |
front 16 True or False: Bacteria are complex single-celled organisms; therefore, many species do not share a common cell morphology and/or arrangement. | back 16 False |
front 17 True or False: Determining the gram reaction for bacteria isolated from clinical specimens is vital in prescribing the appropriate antibiotic | back 17 True |
front 18 What is the main cell wall component in gram positive bacteria? | back 18 Peptidoglycan |
front 19 What does a capsule help a bacteria do? | back 19 A. Escape from phagocytic cells
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front 20 __________ can even be used in some cases to distinguish between pathogenic and nonpathogenic strains of a particular bacterial species. | back 20 Capsules |
front 21 What is the term for the following bacterial orientation: Chains of Cells? | back 21 Strepto |
front 22 Antimicrobial chemical are typically classified as either __________ or disinfectants. | back 22 Antiseptics |
front 23 What is the difference between disinfectants and antiseptics? | back 23 Disinfectants are for use on inanimate objects, while antiseptics are safe for use on living tissue |
front 24 True or False: Antimicrobial chemicals are capable of eliminating all microbes. | back 24 False |
front 25 What is the test most widely used for determining the sensitivity of microbes to antimicrobial drugs? | back 25 Kirby-Bauer Method |
front 26 What is the term for the area with no bacterial growth? | back 26 A. Zone of diffusion
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front 27 The _________ of the zone of inhibition indicates the level of effectiveness for a given compound against the organism. | back 27 Size |
front 28 True or False: The efficacy of a compound may vary depending on the characteristics of the microbe it is being tested against. | back 28 True |
front 29 Term used when a drug causes little to no damage to the host cells and tissues. | back 29 Selective Toxicity |
front 30 A chemical that is produced by microbes that limits the growth of other microbes | back 30 A. Bactericide
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front 31 What is the medical use for the toxin produced by Clostridium botulinum? | back 31 Botox |
front 32 True or False: Water has great potential to serve as a vehicle for the transmission of pathogens. | back 32 True |
front 33 Milk contains __________, fats, and sugars in addition to many __________ and minerals necessary for microbial growth. | back 33 Proteins;Vitamins |
front 34 Coliforms are gram __________ bacteria commonly found in the intestines of vertebrates. | back 34 Negative |
front 35 A common method for detecting and enumerating coliforms in water | back 35 A. EMB Agar
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front 36 What is the term for the process that removes both potential spoilage organisms and pathogens? | back 36 Pasteurization |
front 37 What are the four test involved in a IMViC test? | back 37 Indole production, Methyl-red test, Voges-Proskauer test, citrate utilization |
front 38 True or False: Standard methods of pasteurization are to completely sterilize milk | back 38 False |
front 39 Colonies are referred to instead as a __________ that allows for the more likely possibility of a colony originating from a small clump of cells. | back 39 Colony Forming Unit (CFU) |
front 40 What is an example of an acidic dye? | back 40 India ink |
front 41 Acid-fast staining is useful for identifying the causative agent of _______. | back 41 Tuberculosis |
front 42 The working distance is the distance between ________. | back 42 The slide and the objective lenses |
front 43 Agents that inhibit the growth of bacterial cells are referred to as: | back 43 Bacteriostatic |
front 44 Which of the following structures can prevent bacteria from phagocytic cells? | back 44 Capsule |
front 45 Mycobacterial will be stained with _____ color in the acid-fast staining? | back 45 Red |
front 46 Which test is effective in determining the effectiveness of antimicrobial drugs? | back 46 Kirby-Bauer test |
front 47 E. coli, which are commonly used indicators of water quality are Gram ____, and _______ bacteria. | back 47 Negative, rod-like |
front 48 Streptococcus refers to bacteria with which kind of morphology? | back 48 Chain/Round |
front 49 The total magnification when viewing the specimen under the high dry lens is _____. | back 49 400x |
front 50 Compound lifht microscopes constain a series of lenses that allow for magnification of a specimen up to _______. | back 50 1,000x |
front 51 Magnification is limited by the resolving_______. | back 51 Power of lenses |
front 52 What does resolution indicate? | back 52 The clarity a microscope is able to achieve. |
front 53 For most light microscopes, the limit of the resolution is ______. | back 53 0.2 Um |
front 54 What does immersion oil do? | back 54 Reduce refraction or bending of light and increase resolution |
front 55 Light is passed through a condensor lens that _______. | back 55 Concentrates the light and focuses it on the specimen |
front 56 What does the diaphragm do? | back 56 Regulates the amount of light passing through the condenser to the specimen. |
front 57 What happens when the light passes through the objective lens? | back 57 It refracts, and creates a magnified image |
front 58 The light is further magnified through the ______ known as the eyepiece. | back 58 ocular lens |
front 59 What is working distance? | back 59 Distance between the specimen and the objective |
front 60 What is the field of view? | back 60 The amount of the specimen you can visualize |
front 61 As magnification increases the working distance, your field of view and the intensity of light all ______. | back 61 Decrease |
front 62 ___________ may be required to the fine focus and the condenser in order to sharpen the image. | back 62 small adjustments |
front 63 How do you determine the total magnification of a specimen? | back 63 Multiply the magnification of the objective lens by the magnification of the ocular lens. |
front 64 The objective lenses on most lab-grade compound microscopes will have magnifications of _____,_______,and _______. | back 64 10X (low power), 40X (high dry), and 100X (oil immersion) |
front 65 What are aseptic techniques? | back 65 Any technique employed to avoid contamination |
front 66 What happens initially in order to prevent contaimination? How is this achieved? | back 66 All inoculating instruments (loops and needles) should be sterilized prior to use. Flaming the objects. |
front 67 All growth media should be sterilized to ensure an ______. | back 67 Axenic culture |
front 68 What is an axenic culture? | back 68 Pure culture of organism of interest |
front 69 Typically, growth media is sterilized in an _________. | back 69 Autoclave |
front 70 What does an autoclave do? | back 70 Utilizes steam under pressure |
front 71 Microbes play important roles in ___________________. | back 71 Agriculture, nutrient recycling, sewage processing, commercial food production, and industry, normal function of the human body. |
front 72 Bacteria and fungi exist as _________, and outnumber human cells by 10:1. | back 72 Resident flora |
front 73 Colonies can be described as ____, _______,_______,_______, and ______. | back 73 shape, margin, elevation, texture and pigment. |
front 74 Edge of the colony | back 74 margin |
front 75 side view | back 75 elevation |
front 76 texture | back 76 wet, shiny, opaque |
front 77 color | back 77 pigment |
front 78 Bacterial cells typically reproduce through _______, and asexual production. | back 78 binary fission |
front 79 ___________ tend to be larger with different colors from top or bottom view and may be fuzzy due to spore forming structures. | back 79 Fungal colonies |
front 80 The abililty to determine the causative agents of a specific infectious disease hinges on _______. | back 80 isolating the suspected culprit in a pure culture. |
front 81 One of the most commonly used methods for generating a pure single species culture is ______. | back 81 streak plate method |
front 82 What does the streak plate method assume? | back 82 Each cell in a mixed culture will give ruse to a single pure colony when grown on a semi-solid medium. |
front 83 Bacteria can be distinguished based on what 2 things? | back 83 Cell morphology (shape) and arrangement |
front 84 What are the three common bacterial shapes? | back 84 coccus (round), bacillus (rod), or spiral (spirillum, spirochete, or vibrio) |
front 85 What is a pair of bacterial cells referred to as? | back 85 diplo arrangement
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front 86 In order to visualize the morphology and arrangements of tiny transparent bacterial cells, a thin _________is prepared and then ______. | back 86 smear, stained |
front 87 __________Involves heat-fixing a bacterial sample to a microscope slide. | back 87 Smear preparation |
front 88 What does the addition of heat in a smear preparation do? | back 88 It kills the cells, causing them to adhere to the surface of the slide and so they are not dislodged during the staining process. |
front 89 What is a danger of using heat to fix a specimen? | back 89 Cells may become damaged or their cellular structures may become distorted |
front 90 Single color stains used to illustrate morphology and arrangement | back 90 Simple stains |
front 91 Simple stains are what charge? | back 91 cationic, positively charged, and basic |
front 92 These dyes are attracted to the negative nature of the bacterial cell and bind to the cell so that it takes on the color of the dye and becomes visible using microscopy | back 92 Basic dyes, that are positive and cationic (simple stains) |
front 93 ___________ employ acidic dyes that are anionic, negatively charged. | back 93 Negative stain techniques |
front 94 These dyes are repelled by the negative nature of the bacterial cell and will bind to and stain the slide instead. | back 94 Acidic dyes |
front 95 In ______ smears are not heat-fixed so the bacterial cell size and structural components are more accurate. | back 95 Negative stain techniques |
front 96 Why may many species of bacterial cells share a common morphology and/or arrangement? | back 96 They are simplistic single-celled organisms |
front 97 __________ Detect specific physical and chemical characteristics of a cell. Why may this be useful? | back 97 structural stains; removes some of the ambiguity of bacterial identification |
front 98 Structural stains are also referred to as _________. | back 98 differential stains |
front 99 _______ is a form of glycocalyx; typically composed of extracellular layers of sticky _______. | back 99 Bacterial capsule; polysaccharides |
front 100 What does the bacterial capsule help with? | back 100 Allows bacteria to escape from phagocytic cells, resist desiccation, and aids them in attachment. Help distinguish between pathogenic and nonpathogenic strains |
front 101 How can Capsules be observed? What does it involve | back 101 Modified negative stain; Staining both the background and the cell while the capsule itself remains unstained. |
front 102 Dormant structures that provide production for cells exposed to harsh environmental conditions | back 102 bacterial endospore |
front 103 What do the "resting bodies"/bacterial endospore protect from? | back 103 excessive heat, cold, changes in pH, radiation, and various chemicals |
front 104 ____________ is steamed into bacterial endospores, and then the vegatative cells are counterstained with __________ which will replace the primary _______stain. | back 104 Malachite green;safranin |
front 105 Endospores are typically characterized by shape as ___, ____,or _____ and common shapes are _____,_______,________. | back 105 terminal, subterminal, central; round, oval,or cylindrical |
front 106 One of the most commonly used differential bacterial stains = ________. | back 106 Gram stain |
front 107 Gram positive bacterial cells stain _____ and gram negative bacterial cells stain ___. | back 107 purple;pinkish red |
front 108 Characterisics of gram positive cell walls = _______. | back 108 thick, rigid, with many layers of the complex polysaccharide peptidoglycan with interwoven teichoic acids. |
front 109 Characteristics of gram negative cell walls = ________. | back 109 Little or no peptidoglycan and lack teichoic acids, but possess an outer lipopolysaccharide membrane. |
front 110 The thick layer of peptidoglycan are less susceptible to the organic solvent _______, than the ethanol soluble layers of the gram negative outer membrane. | back 110 ethyl alcohol |
front 111 What does it mean to be gram variable? | back 111 Gram positive cells that do not contain consistent amounts of teichoic acids in their cells walls and may give a gram negative reaction
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front 112 Bacteria of the mycobacterium and norcardia genera may have an additional cell wall component called __________. | back 112 mycolic acid |
front 113 This thick, waxy layer of lipids makes these bacteria resistant to water-based stains like those used in a gram stain | back 113 mycolic acid |
front 114 __________, which contains phenol, is used to penetrate through mycolic acid. | back 114 carbolfuchsin |
front 115 ____utilizes heat to facilitate the penetration of carbolfuchsin into the cells. | back 115 Ziehl-Neelsen Method |
front 116 _____Uses a stain with an increased concentration of both carbolfuchsin and phenol to eliminate the need for heat. | back 116 Kinyoun Method |
front 117 __________ are the causative agents of tuberculosis and leprosy. | back 117 Mycobacterium |
front 118 ___________is responsible for a tissue-destroying disease of the hands and feet in addition to polmonary disease. | back 118 Norcardia |
front 119 Gram negative bacteria commonly found in the intestines of vertebrates. | back 119 coliforms |
front 120 __________are the most widely used to monitor water quality. | back 120 Coliform bacteria |
front 121 Coliform indicators are members of the ________ family. | back 121 enterobacteriaceaeae. |
front 122 Enterics are non-endospore forming, ________ that ferment _____ producing both acid and gas. | back 122 facultative; lactose |
front 123 Enterics include members of the following genera: | back 123 Escherichia, Enterobacter, klebsiella, shigella, citrobacter, and many others. |
front 124 Many dangerous pathogens in water are due to ____________. | back 124 fecal contamination |
front 125 __________ are indicative of intestinal pathogens. | back 125 fecal coliforms |
front 126 One of the most commonly used fecal coliforms in assessing the potability of water. | back 126 E-coli |
front 127 A common method for detecting and enumerating coliforms in water involves a ______test. | back 127 Most Probable Number |
front 128 _________Involves inoculating lactose broths with a water sample and monitoring the tubes for fermentation. | back 128 MPN: if acid and gas are observed, coliforms are present |
front 129 Suspected coliforms are inoculated on a selective media like ______ and ____. | back 129 Levin's eosin methylene blue agar (EMB) or endo agar
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front 130 _______ is a series of tests that can be used to differentiate between members of the Enteric family. | back 130 IMViC |
front 131 How do you incubate an inoculated agar plate and why? | back 131 You incubate it upside down so no air gets in and the bacteria will grow properly |
front 132 Mention one reason why you would use the aseptic technique. | back 132 To keep things sterile and free from contamination |
front 133 What is the purpose of heat-fixing a bacterial sample? | back 133 It kills the organisms without serious distortion, and they adhere better to the slide, taking up the dye more easily |
front 134 Bacillus anthracis, the organism that causes anthrax is a ____ shaped bacterium. | back 134 rod |
front 135 The fact that milk makes an ideal growth medium for microbes increases the risk of both ______ and ______. | back 135 spoilage and the transmission of disease |
front 136 Many dangerous pathogens in milk are due to _____. | back 136 fecal contamination |
front 137 _________Removes both the potential for spoilage organisms and pathogens. | back 137 pasteurization |
front 138 Standard methods of pasteurization to not truly sterilize but.... | back 138 Increase shelf life and reduce the ability to be used as a transmission for disease |
front 139 ________Involves dilutions of milkbeingplatedwith growth media. | back 139 standard plate count |
front 140 Colonies are reffered to instead as a ________ that allows for the more likely possibility of a colony originating from a small clump of cells. | back 140 CFU |
front 141 Antimicrobial chemicals are typically classified as either __________or________. | back 141 antiseptics or disinfectants |
front 142 Antimicrobial chemicals meant for use on inanimate surfaces | back 142 disinfectants |
front 143 Considered safe for use on living tissues | back 143 antiseptics |
front 144 Reduce microbial numbers to an acceptable level | back 144 Sanitizing agent |
front 145 this test involves exposing bacterial inoculated agar to a filter disk impregnated with the chemical in question, incubating the plate, then looking for an effect on the bacterial growth pattern | back 145 disk-diffusion test |
front 146 Area with no microbial growth | back 146 zone of inhibition |
front 147 __________are chemical compound that are used internally to interfere with the growth of microorganisms. | back 147 Antimicrobial drugs |
front 148 causing little or no damage to the host cells and tissues | back 148 selective toxicity |
front 149 A chemical that is produced by microorganisms that will inhibit the growth of other microbes | back 149 antibiotic |