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Microbial Growth and Nutrition

front 1

In microbiology, the term growth usually refers to an increase in

A) a microbe's size.
B) the number of microbial cells.
C) the amount of ATP produced.
D) the number and size of microbial cells.
E) the number and size of microbial cells and the amount of ATP produced.

back 1

the number of microbial cells.

front 2

A cell that uses an organic carbon source and obtains energy from light would be called a

A) photoheterotroph.
B) lithoautotroph.
C) photoautotroph.
D) chemoheterotroph.
E) chemoautotroph

back 2

photoheterotroph.

front 3

A(n) __________ organism is one that requires oxygen for growth

A) anaerobic
B) facultative anaerobic
C) aerotolerant
D) obligate aerobic
E) both aerotolerant and anaerobic

back 3

obligate aerobic

front 4

An aquatic microbe that can grow only at the surface of the water is probably which of the following?

A) a phototroph
B) a heterotroph
C) a chemotroph
D) a lithotroph
E) an anaerobe

back 4

a phototroph

front 5

Which of the following forms of oxygen is detoxified by the enzyme catalase?

A) singlet oxygen
B) hydroxyl radical
C) peroxide anion
D) superoxide radical
E) molecular oxygen

back 5

peroxide anion

front 6

All of the following are used to protect organisms from the toxic by-products of oxygen EXCEPT

A) carotenoids.
B) superoxide dismutase.
C) peroxidase.
D) protease.
E) catalase.

back 6

protease

front 7

A microbe that grows only at the bottom of a tube of thioglycollate medium is probably a(n)

A) obligate aerobe.
B) facultative anaerobe.
C) aerotolerant anaerobe.
D) microaerophile.
E) obligate anaerobe.

back 7

obligate anaerobe

front 8

Nitrogen is a growth limiting nutrient for many organisms because

A) it is necessary for the biosynthesis of amino acids.
B) it is required for synthesis of nucleotides.
C) it is required for lipid synthesis.
D) only a small number of bacteria are able to extract it from the atmosphere.
E) only a few microbes can extract it from the atmosphere, but all organisms require it for amino
acid and nucleotide synthesis.

back 8

only a few microbes can extract it from the atmosphere, but all organisms require it for amino acid and nucleotide synthesis

front 9

Which of the following growth factors would NOT be required by microbes which do not utilize electron transport chains?

A) heme.
B) selenium.
C) NADH.
D) vitamins.
E) amino acids.

back 9

heme

front 10

At temperatures higher than the maximum growth temperature for an organism,

A) proteins are permanently denatured.
B) membranes become too fluid for proper function.
C) hydrogen bonds within molecules are broken.
D) hydrogen bonds are broken, and proteins are permanently denatured.
E) hydrogen bonds are broken, proteins are denatured, and membranes become too fluid.

back 10

hydrogen bonds are broken, proteins are denatured, and membranes become too fluid

front 11

Human pathogens are classified as

A) thermoduric.
B) thermophiles.
C) mesophiles.
D) hyperthermophiles.
E) psychrophiles.

back 11

mesophiles

front 12

The term barophile refers to which of the following growth requirements?

A) hydrostatic pressure
B) temperature
C) nitrogen source
D) pH
E) osmotic pressure

back 12

hydrostatic pressure

front 13

Which of the following organisms would be most likely to contaminate a jar of pickles?

A) a neutrophile
B) a thermophile
C) an acidophile
D) an obligate anaerobe
E) a mesophile

back 13

an acidophile

front 14

Organisms that can grow with or without oxygen present are?

A) obligate aerobes.
B) facultative anaerobes.
C) aerotolerant anaerobes.
D) obligate anaerobes.
E) either facultative anaerobes or aerotolerant anaerobes.

back 14

either facultative anaerobes or aerotolerant anaerobes

front 15

A fastidious organism might be grown on which of the following types of media?

A) transport media
B) reducing media
C) enriched media
D) differential media
E) selective media

back 15

enriched media

front 16

Obligate anaerobes may be cultured in the laboratory

A) in a reducing medium.
B) in a candle jar.
C) in standard Petri plates.
D) on blood agar plates.
E) on blood agar plates in a candle jar.

back 16

in a reducing medium

front 17

Joan wants to discover a microbe capable of degrading an environmental contaminant.
Which of the following refers to the process she should use?

A) cell culture
B) chemostat
C) quorum sensing
D) enrichment culture
E) nitrogen fixation

back 17

enrichment culture

front 18

A microbiologist inoculates a growth medium with 100 bacterial cells/ml. If the generation time of the species is 1 hour, and there is no lag phase, how long will it be before the culture contains more than 10,000 cells/ml?

A) 24 hours
B) 7 hours
C) 2 hours
D) 3 hours
E) 10 hours

back 18

7 hours

front 19

An epidemiologist is investigating a new disease and observes what appear to be bacteria inside tissue cells in clinical samples from victims. The scientist wants to try to isolate the bacteria in the lab. What culture conditions are most likely to be successful?

A) culturing on blood agar plates
B) inoculation of EMB plates
C) incubation in a candle jar
D) inoculation of cell cultures
E) inoculation of a minimal medium broth

back 19

inoculation of cell cultures

front 20

Which of the following measurement techniques would be useful to quantify a species of bacteria that is difficult to culture?

A) membrane filtration
B) viable plate counts
C) MPN
D) microscopic counts
E) metabolic activity

back 20

microscopic counts

front 21

MacConkey agar plates represent __________ medium.

A) a minimal
B) a selective
C) a differential
D) both a differential and a selective
E) both a minimal and a selective

back 21

both a differential and a selective

front 22

A Petroff-Hauser counting chamber is

A) a glass slide containing an etched grid for counting microbes directly using a microscope.
B) a device that counts cells as they interrupt an electrical current.
C) a device that measures the amount of light that passes through a culture.
D) an apparatus that traps bacterial cells on a membrane filter where they can be counted.
E) a device used to count numbers of bacterial colonies on a Petri plate.

back 22

a glass slide containing an etched grid for counting microbes directly using a microscope

front 23

Another term for the logarithmic growth of bacterial cells is

A) generation time.
B) exponential growth.
C) arithmetic growth.
D) absorbance.
E) binary fission.

back 23

exponential growth

front 24

A device that removes wastes and adds fresh medium to bacterial cultures in order to prolong the log phase of a culture is called a(n)

A) Coulter counter.
B) cytometer.
C) spectrophotometer.
D) pellicle.
E) chemostat

back 24

chemostat

front 25

A specimen of urine is determined to contain 30 bacterial cells per microliter. How many cells would be present in a milliliter?

A) 3
B) 300
C) 30,000
D) 3,000
E) 30 million

back 25

30,000

front 26

Which of the following is NOT a direct method for measuring the number of microbes in a sample?

A) viable plate counts
B) turbidity
C) Coulter counter
D) MPN
E) membrane filtration

back 26

turbidity

front 27

During which growth phase are bacteria more susceptible to antimicrobial drugs?

A) lag phase
B) log phase
C) stationary phase
D) death phase
E) the susceptibility is the same for all phases

back 27

log phase

front 28

The use of salt and sugar in preserving various types of foods is an application of which of the following concepts?

A) nitrogen fixation
B) osmotic pressure
C) pH
D) hydrostatic pressure
E) quorum sensing

back 28

osmotic pressure

front 29

A clinical sample labeled as "sputum" was collected from

A) the skin.
B) the blood.
C) the central nervous system.
D) a piece of tissue.
E) the lungs.

back 29

the lungs

front 30

The method of obtaining isolated cultures that utilizes surface area to dilute specimens is called

A) the pour-plate technique.
B) serial dilution.
C) the streak-plate technique.
D) transport media.
E) enrichment culturing.

back 30

the streak-plate technique

front 31

__________ are complex communities of various types of microbes that adhere to surfaces.

A) Aggregates
B) Colonies
C) Isolates
D) Biofilms
E) Media

back 31

Biofilms

front 32

A colony-forming unit is the number of cells

A) in a colony.
B) that produces one colony.
C) in a particular specimen.
D) that is in exponential phase in a culture.
E) that can be placed on a Petri plate.

back 32

that produces one colony

front 33

All of the following ingredients might be found in complex media EXCEPT

A) hydrogen peroxide.
B) yeast extract.
C) blood.
D) soy extract.
E) milk proteins.

back 33

hydrogen peroxide

front 34

Sodium thioglycollate is associated with which of the following types of media?

A) transport media
B) differential media
C) complex media
D) reducing media
E) selective media

back 34

reducing media

front 35

Which of the following quantification techniques can distinguish living cells from dead cells in a culture?

A) microscopic counts
B) dry weight
C) metabolic activity
D) a Coulter counter
E) turbidity

back 35

metabolic activity

front 36

During the __________ of growth, new cells are being produced at the same rate as other
cells are dying.

A) lag phase
B) log phase
C) death phase
D) stationary phase
E) intermediate phase

back 36

stationary phase

front 37

During the __________ of growth, cells are dying faster than new cells are being produced.

A) death phase
B) lag phase
C) log phase
D) stationary phase
E) longitudinal phase

back 37

death phase

front 38

When cells are metabolically active but not dividing, they are in the

A) stationary phase.
B) log phase.
C) lag phase.
D) death phase.
E) exponential phase.

back 38

lag phase

front 39

Metabolic activity is at maximum level in the __________ of growth.

A) lag phase
B) log phase
C) death phase
D) stationary phase
E) intermediate phase

back 39

log phase

front 40

Cells are rapidly growing and dividing during the __________ of growth.

A) death phase
B) lag phase
C) log phase
D) stationary phase
E) indeterminate phase

back 40

log phase

front 41

An organism that tolerates high __________ is called a halophile.

A) hydrostatic pressure
B) salt concentrations
C) pH
D) carbon dioxide levels
E) oxygen levels

back 41

salt concentrations

front 42

A capnophile is a microorganism that thrives in conditions of high __________.

A) carbon dioxide levels
B) hydrostatic pressure
C) oxygen levels
D) pH
E) salt concentration

back 42

carbon dioxide levels

front 43

A microorganism found living under conditions of high __________ is a barophile.

A) pH values
B) oxygen concentrations
C) hydrostatic pressure
D) carbon dioxide levels
E) salt concentrations

back 43

hydrostatic pressure

front 44

Microaerophiles are microbes that grow best at low

A) carbon dioxide levels.
B) pH values.
C) hydrostatic pressure.
D) oxygen levels.
E) salt concentrations.

back 44

oxygen levels.

front 45

An acidophile thrives under conditions of low

A) carbon dioxide levels.
B) salt concentrations.
C) oxygen levels.
D) hydrostatic pressure.
E) pH.

back 45

pH

front 46

Obligate anaerobes have enzymes such as superoxide dismutase to protect them from the damaging effects of oxygen.

back 46

False

front 47

Nitrogen fixation is a process that occurs in all bacteria.

back 47

False

front 48

Thermoduric mesophiles are often responsible for spoilage of improperly canned foods.

back 48

True

front 49

An obligate halophile will burst if placed in freshwater.

back 49

True

front 50

The only effective way to store bacterial cultures for short periods of time is to arrest their metabolism by freezing.

back 50

False

front 51

Quorum sensing is a process by which bacteria respond to the density of other bacteria in their environment.

back 51

True

front 52

An obligate anaerobe can be cultured in a candle jar.

back 52

False

front 53

Agar is a useful compound in the microbiology lab because it is an excellent nutrient for bacteria.

back 53

False

front 54

A selective medium can be formulated either by including inhibitory chemical substances or by leaving out a single crucial nutrient.

back 54

True

front 55

In spectrophotometry, 40% light transmission is the same thing as 60% absorbance of light.

back 55

True

front 56

The conversion of nitrogen gas to ammonia is called nitrogen __________.

back 56

fixation

front 57

Organisms that require organic sources of carbon and energy are called __________.

back 57

chemoheterotrophs

front 58

The __________ radical is formed during the incomplete reduction of O2 during electron transport in aerobes.

back 58

superoxide

front 59

The __________ growth temperature is the temperature at which an organism exhibits the highest growth rate.

back 59

optimum

front 60

Bacteria that thrive at human body temperatures are classified as __________.

back 60

mesophiles

front 61

Alkalinophiles can survive in water up to pH __________. (Be sure your answer is a numeral.)

back 61

11.5

front 62

Cells that are exposed to hypertonic environments will exhibit __________.

back 62

crenation

front 63

A(n) __________ is a sample of microorganisms introduced into a growth medium.

back 63

inoculum

front 64

A pure culture is composed of cells that arise from a single __________.

back 64

colony

front 65

A gelling agent derived from algae that is useful for creating solid growth media is called __________.

back 65

agar

front 66

A sample placed into fresh medium is typically initially in the __________ phase of microbial growth.

back 66

lag

front 67

A growth curve plots the __________ of organisms in a growing population over time.

back 67

number

front 68

Flow __________ is a method of counting cells that have been stained or tagged with fluorescent dyes.

back 68

cytometry

front 69

A film of cells at the surface of a broth is called a(n) __________.

back 69

pellicle

front 70

A(n) __________ can measure changes in the turbidity of a bacterial culture.

back 70

spectrophotometer