front 1 Potential Energy | back 1 energy is energy of position, or stored energy |
front 2 KINETIC | back 2 energy is the energy of motion |
front 3 Chemical energy | back 3 is the potential energy stored within chemical bonds |
front 4 redox reactions | back 4 Reduction/oxidation reaction. Reduction ADDS an electron, Oxidation
REMOVES an electron. |
front 5 1st Law of Thermodynamics | back 5 Energy cannot be created or destroyed, it can only change forms. The total amount of energy in the universe is constant. |
front 6 2nd Law of Thermodynamics | back 6 In energy transfer, some energy is lost in a form that is unusable (usually heat). This unusable energy is characterized by an increase of randomness and disorder in a system, A measure of this disorder is called ENTROPY |
front 7 FREE ENERGY, or G | back 7 s the energy available to do work in a system. You calculate free energy by taking the product of the temperature T and entropy S and subtracting it from the ENTHALPY H. |
front 8 Enthalpy | back 8 is the total energy in a molecule’s bonds |
front 9 EXERGONIC | back 9 if the products of the reaction contains more free energy than the reactants. In this case, ΔG is negative, and energy is released. This is a spontaneous reaction. |
front 10 ENDERGONIC | back 10 if the products of the reaction contains less free energy than the reactants. In this case, ΔG is positive, and energy is stored. This is NOT a spontaneous reaction. |
front 11 ACTIVATION ENERGY | back 11 The energy needed for a reaction to occur is called |
front 12 CATALYSIS | back 12 The process of influencing chemical bonds in a way that lowers
activation energy is called |
front 13 ATP | back 13 Adenosine triphosphate is the energy currency of the cell. The bonds between phosphate groups are high energy, but very unstable, making them easy to break and use as fuel. |
front 14 SUBSTRATES | back 14 reactants in an enzyme-catalyzed reaction |
front 15 Enzymes | back 15 are proteins that carry out catalysis |
front 16 Competitive inhibitors | back 16 interfere with active site of an enzyme so substrates can’t bind to it |
front 17 Allosteric inhibitors | back 17 bind to an allosteric site, which changes or stabilizes the shape of enzyme to inhibit it or activate it |
front 18 METABOLISM | back 18 is the sum of all chemical reactions in an organism. Many of these reactions occur in sequences called biochemical pathways, where the product of one reaction becomes the substrate for the next |
front 19 Catabolic | back 19 pathways or reactions result in the breakdown of complex molecules into more simple ones while releasing energy |
front 20 Anabolic | back 20 pathways or reactions result in the synthesis of complex molecules from simpler ones while storing energy |
front 21 Glycolysis - Where? Yield? | back 21
|
front 22 Krebs /Citric Acid - Summary / Where / Yeild | back 22
|
front 23 oxidative phosphorylation - Summary/ Where/ Yeild | back 23
|
front 24 Fermentation | back 24 process of regenerating NAD+ with either an inorganic or organic compound serving as the final electron acceptor - occurs in the absence of oxygen |
front 25 Lactic Acid Fermentation | back 25 ➜ starts with glycolysis ➜ pyruvate is reduced by NADH to produce NAD+ and lactic acid |
front 26 Ethanol Fermentation | back 26 starts with glycolysis ➜ pyruvate is decarboxylated ➜ intermediate acetaldehyde is reduced by NADH, producing NAD+ and ethanol |
front 27 Photosynthesis | back 27 the process by which plants use solar energy to energize electrons, whose energy is then stored in the bonds of carbohydrates to be used as fuel |
front 28 Stages of Photosynthesis | back 28 1-2 are light dependent and take place in the thylakoids 3 Using ATP and NADPH to make organic molecules from CO2 |
front 29 PHOTON | back 29
|
front 30 Light | back 30 has both wave and particle properties |
front 31 Photoelectric Effect | back 31 is the removal of (excited) electrons from a molecule when light hits it. |
front 32 How do Chloroplasts interact with Light | back 32 act as photoelectric devices, they absorb sunlight, and then transfer those excited electrons to a carrier |
front 33 PIGMENTS | back 33 are substances that absorb visible light molecule that is capable of absorbing certain wavelengths of light and reflecting others |
front 34 ABSORPTION SPECTRUM | back 34 range of wavelengths of electromagnetic radiation absorbed by a given substance |
front 35 ACTION SPECTRUM | back 35 of photosynthesis corresponds to the absorption spectrum of chlorophyll. |
front 36 Chlorophyll b | back 36 an accessory pigment that absorbs blue and red-orange light and consequently has a yellowish-green tint - it aids chlorophyll A by absorbing additional colors |
front 37 Chlorophyll a | back 37 form of chlorophyll that absorbs violet-blue and red light and consequently has a bluish-green color, the only pigment molecule that performs the photochemistry by getting excited and losing an electron to the electron transport chain. |
front 38 Chloroplast Define / Structure | back 38 the organelle where photosynthesis takes place |
front 39 Thylakoid | back 39 containds chlorophyll and is the site of photosynthesis and chemiosmis - arranged in stacks called grana |
front 40 Stroma | back 40 Fluid surrounding thylakoids and is where the calvin cycle happens |
front 41 Photo System II | back 41 The reaction center of PSII absorbs photons to excite electrons. PSII is oxidized and excited electrons are then transferred to the primary electron acceptor, then along the ETC to PSI. The missing electrons are replenished by splitting water and taking electrons from water molecules. This creates O2 in the process. |
front 42 Photosystem I | back 42 By the time electrons make it to PSI, they have lost energy and need to be re-energized. PSI absorbs another photon to do so. The energy is transferred to the reaction center (P700) and then used to reduce an NADP+ into NADPH. The NADPH is then used in the Calvin Cycle. |
front 43 Calvin cycle Define/Summary/Yield | back 43
|
front 44 Step 1 of Calvin - Fixation | back 44 The enzyme RuBisCo catalyzes a reaction between 6 CO and 6 RuBP. The intermediate molecules are unstable and break into 2 halves. This creates 12 PGA (3-phosphoglyceric acid) |
front 45 Step 2 of Calvin - Reduction | back 45 12 ATP and 12 NADPH are used to reduce the 12 PGA into 12 G3P (glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate). |
front 46 Step 3 of Calvin - Regeneration | back 46 10 G3P are used to regenerate RuBP (ribulose bisphosphate), while 2 G3P are released into the cytoplasm to produce a sugar molecule. This stage uses 6 ATP. |
front 47 chromatin | back 47 the material of which the chromosomes of organisms other than bacteria (i.e., eukaryotes) are composed. It consists of protein, RNA, and DNA. |
front 48 Chromosomes | back 48 are thread-like structures made of chromatin They are responsible for carrying genetic information in the form of genes. This needs to be condensed in order to fit into the nucleus. |
front 49 Homologous chromosomes | back 49 are maternal and paternal copies of the same chromosome |
front 50 Sister chromatids | back 50 two replicas of a single chromosome, held together by cohesin proteins at their centromeres (after replication) |
front 51 Kinetochores | back 51 attach to microtubules during mitosis |
front 52 Phases of Cell Division | back 52 G1, S, G2, Mitosis, Cytokinesis (mitosis is 5 phases, covered separately) |
front 53 Interphase | back 53 the part of the cell cycle between divisions, contains g1, S, and g2. |
front 54 G1 phase | back 54 primary growth phase, cell grows, synthesizes MRNA, increases its supply of proteins and copies essential organelles, and prepares for DNA replication |
front 55 S phase | back 55 cells replicate their centrioles (that form the mitotic spindle) and their DNA which is semi-condensed at this phase |
front 56 G2 | back 56 another growth phase, chromosomes condense further, cell grows and produces more proteins and organelles and prepares for mitosis |
front 57 What are the 5 phases of mitosis | back 57 prophase, prometaphase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase |
front 58 Prophase | back 58 Chromosomes condense enough to become visible Spindle is assembled Nuclear envelope breaks down |
front 59 Prometaphase | back 59 Prometaphase Microtubules from opposite poles of the cell attach to sister chromatids at the kinetochores Chromosomes move to equator of cell |
front 60 Metaphase | back 60 Chromosomes are lined up at the equator of the cell Microtubules are under tension and cell is ready to divide. |
front 61 Anaphase | back 61 Cohesin proteins are degraded Microtubules pull sister chromatids apart by their kinetochores Poles move apart and spindle fibers slide past each other |
front 62 Telophase | back 62 Spindle apparatus disassembles Nuclear envelope develops around chromosomes Chromosomes uncoil for gene expression |
front 63 Cytokinesis | back 63 The division of the cell body and cytoplasm ➔ In animal cells, a constricting belt of actin filaments pinches off daughter cells. This creates a cleavage furrow. ➔ In plant cells, a cell plate forms at the equator of the cell and grows outward until it divides the cell in half |
front 64 Entropy | back 64 measure of randomness or disorder within a system |
front 65 autotroph | back 65 make their own food |
front 66 heterotroph | back 66 consume food made by autotrophs / must consume food/eat |
front 67 chemiosmosis | back 67 process in which there is a production of ATP in cellular metabolism by the involvement of a proton gradient across a membrane |
front 68 Electromagnetic energy | back 68 radiant energy that travels in waves at the speed of light. It can also be described as radiant energy, electromagnetic radiation, electromagnetic waves, light, or the movement of radiation. Electromagnetic radiation can transfer of heat. |
front 69 wavelength | back 69 distance between consecutive points of equal position of a wave in a graphic representation - inversely proportional to the energy (smaller wave, higher energy, bigger waves lower energy) |
front 70 ligand | back 70 chemical messenger released by one cell to signal either itself or a different cell - can be to grow/divide/stop |
front 71 haploid | back 71 containing only one set of chromosomes |
front 72 diploid | back 72 containing two sets of chromosomes |