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CHAPTER 6- INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM

front 1

What is the integumentary system?

back 1

the integumentary system is an organ system consisting of the Skin and Accessory structures:

  • Hair
  • Nails
  • Skin glands (sweat & sebaceous)

front 2

What are the functions of the integumentary system?

back 2

  1. protecting the body from invasion by micro-organisms, chemicals and other environmental factors
  2. preventing dehydration
  3. acting as a sensory organ; regulating body temperature and electrolyte balance
  4. synthesis of Vitamin D

front 3

True or False:

The skin is the largest organ in the body by weight?

back 3

true

front 4

True or False:

The skin is also called subcutaneous membrane?

back 4

false

cutaneous membrane

front 5

How many tissue layers make up the skin?

back 5

2 Layers

epithelial tissue overlying connective tissue

front 6

Name the OUTER layer of the skin.

back 6

Epidermis

front 7

Name the DEEPER layer of the skin.

back 7

Dermis

front 8

What are the 5 layers of the Epidermis?

back 8

  1. stratum corneum
  2. stratum lucidum
  3. stratum granulosum
  4. stratum spinosum
  5. stratum basale

front 9

What are the 2 layers of the Dermis?

back 9

  1. Papillary layer
  2. Reticular layer

front 10

Describe the composition of the Epidermis.

back 10

  • outer layer of the skin
  • composed of epithelial cells
  • outermost protective shield of the body
  • avascular
  • gets nutrients through the diffusion of tissue fluid from blood vessels in the dermis
  • stratified squamous epithelium

front 11

Describe the composition of the Dermis.

back 11

  • inner layer of skin
  • makes up the bulk of the skin
  • tough thick layer, composed of mostly dense connective tissue
  • contains collagenous and elastic fibers
  • only the dermis is vascularized

front 12

Which layer of the skin is better nourished?

back 12

The dermis is connective tissue, which is vascular, so its cells are better nourished than those of the epidermis, which is avascular epithelium.

front 13

Name the subcutaneous tissue that lies just deep to the skin.

back 13

Hypodermis or superficial fascia

front 14

What is the structure and functions of the Hypodermis?

back 14

The Hypodermis is not a part of the skin, but it shares some of the skin's protective functions.

  • consists of mostly adipose tissue
  • contains some areolar connective tissue
  • acts as a shock absorber
  • acts as an insulator that reduces heat
  • contains blood vessels that supply skin

front 15

Which part of the skin acts as an insulating layer?

back 15

Hypodermis

front 16

Where is the thick skin of the body located?

back 16

  1. The Palms
  2. The Fingertips
  3. The Soles of Feet

front 17

True or False:

In the thin skin, which covers the rest of the body, the stratum lucidum is absent and the other layers are much thinner?

back 17

true

front 18

True or False:

The stratum lucidum is only found in the thick skin?

back 18

true

front 19

Describe the Stratum Lucidum layer.

back 19

  • Clear-thin translucent layer just above the stratum granulosum
  • consists of a few rows of flat, dead keratinocytes
  • through electron microscope, its cells are identical to those at the bottom of the next layer- stratum cormeum

front 20

Describe the Stratum Corneum layer.

back 20

  • horny layer
  • outermost epidermal layer- 20-30 cells layers thick
  • keratin and proteins accumulated inside the plasma membrane and function to protect the skin against abrasion and penetration
  • nearly waterproof because of the glycolipid between its cells
  • cells shed regularly- dandruff from scalp and flakes of dry skin

front 21

Describe the Stratum Granulosum layer.

back 21

  • thin layer
  • consists of 1-5 layers
  • keratinocytes appearance change drastically; process of keratinization begins

front 22

What is the function of granules in the Stratum Granulosum?

back 22

The cells of the Stratum Granulosum accumulate dense basophilic keratohyalin granules. These granules contain glycolipids, which along with desmosomal connections, help to form a waterproof barrier that functions to prevent fluid loss from the body.

front 23

Name the 2 types of granules found in the Stratum Granulosum.

back 23

  • The keratohyalin granules help to form keratin in the upper layers.
  • The lamellar granules contain a water-resistant glycolipid that is secreted into the extracellular space. Tight junctions & the glycolipid play a major part in slowing water loss across the epidermis.

front 24

What is the Stratum Spinosum layer composed of?

back 24

The Stratum Spinosum (or spinous layer/prickle cell layer) is
a layer of the epidermis found between the Stratum
Granulosum and stratum Basale. This layer is composed
of polyhedral keratinocytes. These are joined together with
desmosomes. Scattered among the keratinocytes are
dendritic cells, which are most abundant in this epidermal
layer.

front 25

How did the Stratum Spinosum layer get its name?

back 25

The Stratum Spinosum is several cell layers thick.
This layer gets its name from the many spine-like
extensions of its keratinocytes as seen under a
microscope.

front 26

Describe the Stratum Basale layer of the epidermis.

back 26

  • The Stratum Basale, the deepest epidermal layer (Stratum Germinativum)
  • The many mitotic nuclei seen in this layer reflect the
    rapid division of these cells.
  • A single row of cuboidal or columnar cells that divide
    and grow; this layer also includes melanocytes

front 27

What is the difference between the Stratum Basale and the Stratum Corneum layers?

back 27

The cells in the Stratum Basale divide and grow, whereas the cells in the Stratum Corneum are dead and keratinized.

front 28

An individual using a sharp knife notices a small amount of blood where he just cut himself. Which layer of skin did he have to cut into in order to bleed?

back 28

Papillary Dermis layer

front 29

Which tissue types are located in the subcutaneous layer
beneath the skin?

back 29

The subcutaneous layer contains areolar connective tissue and adipose tissue.

front 30

Name the tissues in the outer and inner layers of
the skin?

back 30

  • The epidermis is composed of stratified squamous epithelium.
  • The dermis has connective tissue, smooth muscle tissue, and nervous tissue.

front 31

What are the functions of the subcutaneous layer?

back 31

The subcutaneous layer conserves heat and has major blood vessels that supply the skin.

front 32

What cells populate in the epidermis?

back 32

  • keratinocytes
  • melanocytes,
  • dendritic cells
  • tactile epithelial cells

front 33

What is the role of keratinocytes in the integumentary system?

back 33

The chief role of keratinocytes ("keratin cells") is
to produce keratin, the fibrous protein that helps
give the epidermis its protective properties.

front 34

What is the function of Merkel (tactile) cells?

back 34

Spiky-hemisphere shaped Merkel cell associated with a disc-like sensory nerve ending. The combination, called a Merkel or tactile disc, functions as a sensory receptor for touch.

front 35

Name the function and location of Melanocytes in the body.

back 35

Melanocytes produce the pigment melanin and is found in deepest layer (Stratum Basale) of the epidermis.

front 36

What are Langerhans cells?

back 36

Star-shaped dendritic cells arise from bone marrow and
migrate to the epidermis. Also called Langerhans cells, they ingest
foreign substances and are key activators of our immune system.

front 37

In humans, exposure of the skin to sunlight is required for ________.

back 37

Vitamin D synthesis

front 38

If you cut yourself and bacteria enter the wound, which cells would help get rid of the bacteria?

back 38

Langerhans cells

front 39

True or False:

Squamous cell carcinoma of the skin is a common form of skin cancer?

back 39

True

front 40

True or False:

Basal cell carcinoma is the most common type of skin cancer?

back 40

True

front 41

What factors that determine skin color?

back 41

  1. Hereditary Factors
  2. Environmental Factors
  3. Physiological Factors

front 42

What are the functions of epidermis?

back 42

Protects against water loss, harmful chemicals, mechanical injury, pathogens

front 43

What are the functions of melanin?

back 43

This is skin pigment which provides skin color and protects
against the damaging effects of ultraviolet radiation (D N A
damage, fibroblast damage, skin cancer).

front 44

Describe the keratinization.

back 44

Keratinization is the process of hardening, dehydration, and keratin accumulation that occurs in epidermal cells as they
migrate outward.

front 45

What does the Papillary layer of the Dermis consists of?

back 45

  • Superficial layer
  • Areolar connective tissue
  • Thinner of the 2 layers
  • Location of dermal papillae

front 46

What does the Reticular layer of the Dermis consists of?

back 46

  • Deeper layer
  • Dense irregular connective tissue
  • Thicker of 2 layers

front 47

What are the impressions made by the dermal Papillae ridges on the ends of the fingers and thumbs known as?

back 47

Fingerprints

front 48

What types of tissues make up the dermis?

back 48

The papillary layer is areolar connective tissue, and the reticular layer is dense irregular connective tissue.
Blood vessels, smooth muscle tissue, and nervous tissue are found in the dermis.

front 49

What are the functions of connective tissues in the skin?

back 49

The connective tissues give the dermis toughness and elasticity.

front 50

What are the functions of nervous tissues in the skin?

back 50

Nervous tissue includes sensory receptors and send signals to the brain and organs.

front 51

What are the functions of smooth muscle tissues in the skin?

back 51

The smooth muscle tissue can cause wrinkles the skin.

front 52

Why do humans have blood vessels in the skin?

back 52

Blood vessels in the dermis supply nutrients to the skin cells.

front 53

Name the sensory receptors in the skin.

back 53

Cutaneous mechanoreceptors

  • Ruffini's end organ (skin stretch)
  • End-bulbs of Krause (Cold)
  • (Tactile) Meissner’s corpuscle responds to light
    touch and low-frequency vibration.
  • (Lamellar) Pacinian Corpuscle responds to deep
    pressure and high-frequency vibration
  • Merkel's disc (sustained touch and pressure)
  • Free nerve endings- sense painful stimuli (irritating chemicals, extreme heat or cold, and others).

Thermoreceptors

Nociceptors

Chemoreceptors

front 54

What is the structure and function of Nails?

back 54

Nails are the protective coverings on ends of fingers and toes.
• In contrast to soft keratin of the epidermis, nails (like
hairs) contain hard keratin
• 3 parts of a nail:
• Nail plate: overlies nail bed.
• Nail bed: surface of skin, under nail plate.
• Lunula: most active growing region; pale, half-moon-
shaped region at base of nail plate.

front 55

Why is the lunule of a nail white instead of pink like the rest of the nail?

back 55

The lunula looks white because the epidermis is thicker beneath the matrix, and it blocks the pink color from the blood vessels below.

front 56

Why are nails so hard?

back 56

Nails are hard because (like hair) they contain hard keratin.

front 57

Where can hair be found on the body?

back 57

Hair is present on all surfaces of skin except palms, soles, lips, nipples, parts of external reproductive organs.

front 58

What is a hair follicle?

back 58

Tube-like depression of epidermal cells from which hair develops; extends into dermis or the subcutaneous layer.

front 59

Name the 3 parts of hair.

back 59

  • Hair bulb (dividing cells)
  • Hair root
  • Hair shaft (dead, epidermal cells)

front 60

True or False:

The hair papillae does not contain blood vessels.

back 60

False

Hair papilla does contain blood vessels to nourish hair

front 61

What is the function of the Arrector pili muscle?

back 61

Arrector Pili Muscle is a small band of smooth muscle that connects the hair follicle to the connective tissue of the basement membrane.

Responsible for generating heat when the body is cold, the arrector pili muscles contract all at once, causing the hair to "stand up straight" on the skin. (goosebumps).

front 62

Where are Sebaceous glands found on the body?

back 62

Found all over the body except in the thick skin of the palms and soles. They are small on the body trunk and limbs, but quite large on the face, neck, and upper chest. These glands secrete an oily substance called sebum.

front 63

What are the functions of sebum?

back 63

Sebum softens and lubricates the hair and skin, prevents hair from becoming brittle, and slows water loss from the skin. Sebum keeps hair soft, pliable, and waterproof.

front 64

True or False:

Acne is caused by a lack of sebum?

back 64

False

Acne is caused by an excess of sebum which clogs the sebaceous gland.

front 65

Name the function and location of Merocrine (Eccrine) sweat glands.

back 65

  • Lower body temperature through sweating
  • Originate in the deep dermis or subcutaneous layer and abundant on the palms, soles of the feet, neck, and forehead.

front 66

Name the function and location of Apocrine sweat glands.

back 66

The secretion is odorless, but when bacteria on the skin decompose its organic molecules, it takes on a musky and generally unpleasant odor, the basis of body odor.

  • Wet skin during pain, fear, emotional upset, and sexual arousal
  • Near hair follicles in armpit and groin

front 67

Two important types of modified apocrine glands are:

back 67

Ceruminous glands: secrete ear wax - located external acoustic meatus

Mammary glands: s ecrete milk - located in the b reasts

front 68

What are the functions of the Skin?

back 68

Functions of the skin:

  • Protective covering, barrier against harmful substances and microorganisms
  • Prevents some water loss
  • Contains sensory receptors
  • Excretes some wastes
  • Helps produce Vitamin D
  • Helps regulate body temperature

front 69

What are the methods of heat loss?

back 69

Methods of heat loss:

  • Radiation: Primary method, infrared heat rays escape.
  • Conduction: Heat moves from the skin to cooler objects.
  • Convection: Heat loss into circulating air currents.
  • Evaporation: Sweat changes into a gas, carries heat away.

front 70

Which organ in the body monitors body temperature?

back 70

Setpoint of body temperature is monitored by the Hypothalamus.

front 71

What happens when body temperature rises?

back 71

When body temperature rises:

  • Thermoreceptors signal the hypothalamus.
  • Vasodilation of dermal blood vessels.
  • Sweat glands are activated.

front 72

What happens when body temperature falls?

back 72

When body temperature falls:

  • Thermoreceptors signal the hypothalamus.
  • Vasoconstriction of dermal blood vessels.
  • Sweat glands are inactive.
  • Muscles contract involuntarily (shivering).

front 73

What is the setpoint of deep body temperature?

back 73

37 degrees Celsius or 98.6 degrees Fahrenheit

front 74

What is Hyperthermia?

back 74

Hyperthermia : abnormally high body temperature

  • Can occur on hot, humid day, when sweat cannot evaporate.
  • When air temperature is high, radiation is less effective.
  • Body may gain heat from hotter air.
  • Skin becomes dry, person gets weak, dizzy, nauseous, with headache, rapid pulse.

front 75

What is Hypothermia?

back 75

Hypothermia: abnormally low body temperature

  • Can result from prolonged exposure to cold, or illness.
  • Shivering is involuntary skeletal muscle contraction, caused by hypothalamus.
  • Progresses to confusion, lethargy, loss of reflexes and consciousness.
  • Without treatment, organs shut down.

front 76

What is the process of inflammation and is it normal?

back 76

  • Inflammation is a normal response to injury or stress
  • Inflammation is the body’s attempt to restrict spread of infection
  • Blood vessels in affected tissues dilate and become more permeable, allowing fluids to leak into the damaged tissues

front 77

List the characteristics of inflammation.

back 77

Inflamed skin may become:

  • Reddened
  • Swollen
  • Warm
  • Painful

front 78

Explain the formation of a blood clot.

back 78

A deep cut, reaching the dermis or subcutaneous layer, results in blood

vessels breaking; released blood forms a clot.

front 79

What is the first phase of wound healing?

back 79

The first phase of wound healing is Inflammatory Phase

Initial response to injury
• Day 1-4 post injury
• Characterized by heat, pain, redness, swelling
• Platelet aggregation and activation
• Leukocyte (PMNs, macrophages) migration, phagocytosis and mediator release
• Venule dilation
• Lymphatic blockade
• Exudative

front 80

What is the third phase of wound healing?

back 80

The third phase of wound healing is Remodeling Phase

6wks-1 year

  • Type III collagen replaced with type I
  • Characterized by increase in tensile strength
  • Scar flattens

front 81

Which phase or wound healing begins about 4 days after injury and overlaps with the inflammatory phase and involves cells called fibroblasts that help to produce new collagen, create new blood vessels, and repair the avascular epithelial tissue (epithelization)?

back 81

The second phase of wound healing is Proliferative Phase

Day 4-42

  • Fibroblast proliferation stimulated by macrophage-released growth factors
  • Increased rate of collagen synthesis by fibroblasts

front 82

How are burns classified?

back 82

Burns are classified by the extent of tissue damage

front 83

Which burn destroys epidermis and some dermis, as in burn from hot liquid?

back 83

Deep, partial-thickness ( second degree ) burn

front 84

True or False:

Full-thickness burns healing takes days-weeks, with no scarring?

back 84

False

front 85

Which type of burns are sunburns?

back 85

Superficial, partial-thickness (first degree) burn

front 86

Describe third degree burns.

back 86

  • Destroys epidermis, dermis, accessory structures.
  • Results from prolonged exposure to heat, flames, hot liquids.
  • Some healing from margins.
  • Often requires skin graft, skin substitutes.

front 87

The treatment of burn patients that involves estimating the extent of the injured body surface which divides body surface into regions of 9% or multiples of 9 is called_______________.

back 87

The Rule of Nines

front 88

Why is the "Rule of Nines" important?

back 88

The rule of nines assesses the percentage of burns and is used to help guide treatment decisions including fluid resuscitation, and becomes part of the guidelines to determine transfer to a burn unit.

front 89

Name 5 normal life-span changes in the body.

back 89

  • Cell cycle slows, skin becomes scaly, age spots appear.
  • Epidermis and dermis become thinner.
  • Loss of fat in subcutaneous layer; person feels cold.
  • Wrinkling, sagging of skin occur.
  • Sebaceous glands secrete less oil; skin becomes dry.
  • Melanin production slows; hair whitens.
  • Hair thins.
  • Number of hair follicles decreases.
  • Nail growth becomes impaired.
  • Sensory receptors decline.
  • Body temperature regulation becomes less effective.
  • Diminished ability to produce Vitamin D.