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Chapter 18 The Endocrine System

front 1

1) Which of the following is true of the endocrine system?
A) It responds rapidly to stimuli.
B) It responds specifically to digestive stimuli.
C) It communicates by the release of neurotransmitters.
D) It responds with motor output.
E) It responds slowly but effectively for maintaining homeostatic functions.

back 1

E) It responds slowly but effectively for maintaining homeostatic functions.

front 2

2) Endocrine cells
A) are a type of nerve cell.
B) release their secretions onto an epithelial surface.
C) release their secretions directly into body fluids such as blood.
D) contain few vesicles.
E) are modified connective tissue cells.

back 2

C) release their secretions directly into body fluids such as blood.

front 3

3) ________ are chemical messengers that are released by cells and transported in the bloodstream to alter the activities of specific cells in other tissues.
A) Hormones
B) Neuropeptides
C) Neurotransmitters
D) Humoral antibodies
E) Antigens

back 3

A) Hormones

front 4

4) A hormone might
A) alter a membrane channel by changing its shape, thereby affecting what can go through it.
B) depolarize a skeletal muscle cell.
C) interfere with norepinephrine at a neuronal synapse.
D) inactivate glucose so it cannot be used by a cell.
E) block the production of a cell membrane.

back 4

A) alter a membrane channel by changing its shape, thereby affecting what can go through it.

front 5

5) Which of the following is not true regarding target cells?
A) They have receptors for a specific hormone.
B) They can be anywhere in the body.
C) They are associated with synapses.
D) They can respond to more than one hormone if they have receptors for each one.
E) If a target cell lacks receptors for a hormone then it cannot bind that hormone.

back 5

C) They are associated with synapses.

front 6

6) Hormones known as ʺcatecholaminesʺ are
A) lipids.
B) peptides.
C) steroids.
D) derivatives of the amino acid tyrosine.
E) derivatives of reproductive glands.

back 6

D) derivatives of the amino acid tyrosine.

front 7

7) Peptide hormones are
A) composed of amino acids.
B) produced by the adrenal glands.
C) derived from the amino acid tyrosine.
D) lipids.
E) chemically related to cholesterol.

back 7

A) composed of amino acids.

front 8

8) A kinase is an enzyme that performs
A) phosphorylation.
B) as a membrane channel.
C) active transport.
D) protein synthesis.
E) as an antibody.

back 8

A) phosphorylation.

front 9

9) Calcium ions serve as messengers, often in combination with the intracellular protein
A) calcitonin.
B) calcitriol.
C) calmodulin.
D) calcium-binding globulin.
E) calcitropin.

back 9

C) calmodulin.

front 10

10) Which of the following substances activates protein kinases and thus acts as a second messenger?
A) insulin
B) ACTH
C) epinephrine
D) cyclic AMP
E) TSH

back 10

D) cyclic AMP

front 11

11) All of the following are true of steroid hormones except that they
A) are produced by the adrenal medulla.
B) are derived from cholesterol.
C) are produced by reproductive glands.
D) bind to receptors within the cell.
E) are lipids.

back 11

A) are produced by the adrenal medulla.

front 12

12) Each of the following hormones is an amino acid derivative except
A) epinephrine.
B) norepinephrine.
C) thyroid hormone.
D) testosterone.
E) melatonin.

back 12

D) testosterone.

front 13

13) Membrane receptors are used by which of the following types of hormones?
A) catecholamines
B) peptide hormones
C) eicosanoids
D) thyroid
E) catecholamines, peptide hormones, and eicosanoids

back 13

E) catecholamines, peptide hormones, and eicosanoids

front 14

14) Steroid hormones
A) are proteins.
B) cannot diffuse through cell membranes.
C) bind to receptors in the nucleus of their target cells.
D) act on target cells by activating second messenger cascades.
E) are transported in the blood dissolved in the plasma.

back 14

C) bind to receptors in the nucleus of their target cells.

front 15

15) When a catecholamine or peptide hormone binds to receptors on the surface of a cell, the
A) hormone receptor complex moves into the cytoplasm.
B) cell membrane becomes depolarized.
C) second messenger appears in the cytoplasm.
D) cell becomes inactive.
E) hormone is transported to the nucleus where it alters the activity of DNA.

back 15

C) second messenger appears in the cytoplasm.

front 16

16) Hormones can be divided into different groups based on their chemistry. These categories include all of the following except
A) peptides.
B) steroids.
C) eicosanoids.
D) amino acid derivatives.
E) acetylcholine derivatives.

back 16

E) acetylcholine derivatives.

front 17

17) Hormonal actions on cells affect all of the following except
A) quantities of enzymes.
B) activities of enzymes.
C) synthesis of enzymes.
D) gating of ion channels.
E) thickness of the plasma membrane.

back 17

E) thickness of the plasma membrane.

front 18

18) The link between a first messenger and a second messenger in a cell that responds to peptide hormones is usually
A) cAMP.
B) cGMP.
C) adenyl cyclase.
D) a G protein.
E) calcium ion levels.

back 18

D) a G protein.

front 19

19) When adenyl cyclase is activated,
A) ATP is consumed.
B) cAMP is formed.
C) cAMP is broken down.
D) ATP is produced.
E) ATP is consumed and cAMP is formed.

back 19

E) ATP is consumed and cAMP is formed.

front 20

20) After a steroid hormone binds to its receptor to form an active complex,
A) adenyl cyclase is activated.
B) cyclic nucleotides are formed.
C) G proteins are phosphylated.
D) gene transcription is initiated.
E) protein kinases are activated.

back 20

D) gene transcription is initiated.

front 21

21) The humoral control of hormone release may be triggered which of the following factors?
A) blood level of an ion like calcium
B) blood level of a pituitary hormone
C) blood level of a hypothalamic hormone
D) nervous stimuli
E) neurotransmitter activation

back 21

A) blood level of an ion like calcium

front 22

22) Which of the following hormones is/are water soluble and therefore bind(s) to extracellular receptors?
A) insulin
B) epinephrine
C) cortisol
D) calcitriol
E) insulin and epinephrine

back 22

E) insulin and epinephrine

front 23

23) If the adenyl cyclase activity of liver cells were missing, which of these hormones could no longer stimulate release of glucose?
A) progesterone
B) glucagon
C) cortisol
D) thyroxine
E) leptin

back 23

B) glucagon

front 24

24) Increased activity of phosphodiesterase in a target cell would decrease its level of
A) testosterone.
B) estrogen.
C) thyroid hormone.
D) cAMP.
E) progesterone.

back 24

D) cAMP.

front 25

25) The intracellular protein ________ binds calcium ion. This complex can then activate enzymes.
A) prostaglandin
B) phosphodiesterase
C) cyclic AMP
D) calmodulin
E) kinase

back 25

D) calmodulin

front 26

26) Receptors for ________, peptide hormones, and eicosanoids are found in the cell membranes of target cells.
A) catecholamines
B) carbohydrates
C) kinases
D) genes
E) acetylcholine

back 26

A) catecholamines

front 27

27) Cells that respond to a hormone are called ________ cells.
A) stem
B) pluripotent
C) germ
D) target
E) peripheral

back 27

D) target

front 28

28) One cause for insulin resistance in non-insulin dependent (Type II) diabetes is
A) insulin receptor up-regulation.
B) decreased insulin secretion.
C) decreased cortisol secretion.
D) insulin receptor down-regulation.
E) cortisol receptor up-regulation.

back 28

D) insulin receptor down-regulation.

front 29

29) Which of the following is not a characteristic of the second-messenger mechanism of hormone
action?
A) Hormone effects are amplified.
B) G proteins and cAMP are used.
C) Receptors are on the cell surface.
D) Cellular operations are altered by direct stimulation of a gene.
E) Kinases may phosphorylate proteins.

back 29

D) Cellular operations are altered by direct stimulation of a gene.

front 30

30) Upon binding of a single first messenger to a plasma membrane, thousands of second messengers may become activated. This effect is known as
A) receptor down-regulation.
B) receptor up-regulation.
C) amplification.
D) humoral stimuli.
E) synergism.

back 30

C) amplification.

front 31

31) Intracellular calcium stores open in response to intracellular activation of
A) protein kinase C, diacylglycerol, and inositol triphosphate.
B) calmodulin.
C) leukotrienes.
D) adenylate cyclase.
E) phosphodiesterase, adenylate cyclase, and prostacyclins.

back 31

A) protein kinase C, diacylglycerol, and inositol triphosphate.

front 32

32) Leukotrienes, prostaglandins, and thromboxanes are all examples of
A) amino acid derivatives.
B) eicosanoids.
C) tyrosine derivatives.
D) glycoproteins.
E) steroid hormones.

back 32

B) eicosanoids.

front 33

33) Which hormone is not correctly matched?
A) epinephrine: amino acid derivative
B) insulin: peptide hormone
C) testosterone: amino acid derivative
D) cortisol: lipid derivative
E) eicosanoids: lipid derivative

back 33

C) testosterone: amino acid derivative

front 34

34) The hypothalamus acts as both a neural and a(n) ________ organ.
A) endocrine
B) cardiovascular
C) renal
D) muscular
E) hepatic

back 34

A) endocrine

front 35

35) The most complex endocrine responses involve the
A) thyroid gland.
B) pancreas.
C) adrenal glands.
D) hypothalamus.
E) thymus gland.

back 35

D) hypothalamus.

front 36

36) Destruction of the supra-optic nucleus of the hypothalamus would have which of the following results?
A) loss of ADH secretion
B) loss of GH secretion
C) loss of melatonin secretion
D) loss of thyroid stimulating hormone secretion
E) loss of prolactin secretion

back 36

A) loss of ADH secretion

front 37

37) If the hypophyseal portal system is destroyed, the hypothalamus would no longer be able to control the secretion of which of the following hormones?
A) TSH
B) ACTH
C) PRL
D) ADH and OXT
E) TSH, ACTH, PRL

back 37

E) TSH, ACTH, PRL

front 38

38) Changes in blood osmotic pressure would most affect the secretion of
A) ACTH.
B) ADH.
C) oxytocin.
D) TSH.
E) LH.

back 38

B) ADH.

front 39

39) The hypothalamus controls secretion in the adenohypophysis by
A) direct neural stimulation.
B) indirect osmotic control.
C) secreting releasing and inhibiting hormones into the hypophysealportal system.
D) altering ion concentrations and pH in the anterior pituitary.
E) gap synaptic junctions.

back 39

C) secreting releasing and inhibiting hormones into the hypophysealportal system.

front 40

40) Neurons of the supra-optic and paraventricular nuclei of the hypothalamus manufacture
A) CRF and GnRH.
B) TSH and FSH.
C) ADH and oxytocin.
D) FSH and PRL.
E) GHIH and GHRH.

back 40

C) ADH and oxytocin.

front 41

41) The main action of antidiuretic hormone is
A) increased water conservation by kidneys.
B) to stimulate kidney cells to secrete renin.
C) increase urine output to remove excess fluid.
D) increased blood pressure by increased Na+ reabsorption.
E) inhibition of aldosterone.

back 41

A) increased water conservation by kidneys.

front 42

42) Excess secretion of growth hormone during early development will cause
A) dwarfism.
B) rickets.
C) gigantism.
D) acromegaly.
E) diabetes insipidus.

back 42

C) gigantism.

front 43

43) Which of the following hormones may lead to acromegaly if hypersecreted after closure of the epiphyseal plates?
A) cortisol
B) parathyroid hormone
C) insulin
D) growth hormone
E) epinephrine

back 43

D) growth hormone

front 44

44) The hormone produced by the pars intermedia of the adenohypophysis during early childhood is
A) FSH.
B) ADH.
C) TSH.
D) MSH.
E) ACTH.

back 44

D) MSH.

front 45

45) Each of the following hormones is produced by the pars distalis of the adenohypophysis except
A) FSH.
B) oxytocin.
C) TSH.
D) corticotropin.
E) somatotropin.

back 45

B) oxytocin.

front 46

46) All of the following are true of oxytocin except?
A) It promotes uterine contractions.
B) It is responsible for milk expression from the mammary glands.
C) It triggers prostate gland contraction.
D) It is produced in the hypothalamus.
E) It is stored in the anterior pituitary.

back 46

E) It is stored in the anterior pituitary.

front 47

47) Growth hormone does all of the following except
A) promote bone growth.
B) promote muscle growth.
C) promote cortisol release.
D) spare glucose.
E) promote amino acid uptake by cells.

back 47

C) promote cortisol release.

front 48

48) Liver cells respond to growth hormone by releasing hormones called
A) gonadotrophins.
B) prostaglandins.
C) hepatic hormones.
D) somatomedins.
E) glucocorticoids.

back 48

D) somatomedins.

front 49

49) The pituitary hormone that triggers the release of thyroid hormone from the thyroid gland is
A) TSH.
B) ACTH.
C) FSH.
D) LH.
E) GH.

back 49

A) TSH.

front 50

50) The pituitary hormone that controls the release of glucocorticoids from the adrenal cortex is
A) TSH.
B) ACTH.
C) FSH.
D) LH.
E) GH.

back 50

B) ACTH.

front 51

51) The pituitary hormone that promotes egg development in ovaries and sperm development in
testes is
A) TSH.
B) ACTH.
C) FSH.
D) LH.
E) GH.

back 51

C) FSH.

front 52

The pituitary hormone that promotes ovarian secretion of progesterone and testicular secretion of testosterone is
A) TSH.
B) ACTH.
C) FSH.
D) LH.
E) GH.

back 52

D) LH.

front 53

The pituitary hormone that stimulates milk production by the mammary glands is
A) TSH.
B) ACTH.
C) growth hormone.
D) FSH.
E) prolactin.

back 53

E) prolactin.

front 54

The pituitary hormone that stimulates cell growth and replication by accelerating protein synthesis is
A) ACTH.
B) MSH.
C) prolactin.
D) insulin.
E) growth hormone.

back 54

E) growth hormone.

front 55

55) After brain surgery, a patient receiving postoperative care in an intensive care unit began to pass large volumes of very dilute urine. The ICU nurse administered a medicine that mimics one of the following hormones. Which one?
A) aldosterone
B) epinephrine
C) renin
D) ADH
E) cortisol

back 55

D) ADH

front 56

56) The term used to describe excess production of urine is
A) polyuria.
B) polydipsia.
C) hematuria.
D) glycosuria.
E) polyphagia.

back 56

A) polyuria.

front 57

57) The two lobes of the pituitary gland together produce or store how many hormones?
A) 3
B) 5
C) 7
D) 9
E) 16

back 57

D) 9

front 58

58) The hormone(s) that may be slowly administered by intravenous drip to accelerate labor and delivery is/are
A) oxytocin.
B) prolactin.
C) luteinizing hormone.
D) follicle stimulating hormone.
E) both oxytocin and luteinizing hormone.

back 58

A) oxytocin.

front 59

59) The posterior lobe of the pituitary is also known as the
A) basal ganglion.
B) infundibulum.
C) adenohypophysis.
D) mesencephalon.
E) neurohypophysis.

back 59

E) neurohypophysis.

front 60

60) The anterior lobe of the pituitary is also known as the
A) basal ganglion.
B) infundibulum.
C) adenohypophysis.
D) mesencephalon.
E) neurohypophysis.

back 60

C) adenohypophysis.

front 61

61) The anterior lobe of the pituitary gland can be divided into three parts: the pars distalis, the pars intermedia, and the pars
A) tuberalis.
B) nervosa.
C) pinea.
D) intermedia.
E) magnus.

back 61

A) tuberalis.

front 62

62) Hormones produced by the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland that regulate the male and female reproductive organs are collectively called
A) tropic hormones.
B) androgens.
C) somatotropins.
D) immunogens.
E) gonadotropins.

back 62

E) gonadotropins.

front 63

63) Abnormally low production of LH and FSH results in
A) diabetes insipidus.
B) a diabetogenic effect.
C) hypogonadism.
D) a glucose-sparing effect.
E) hypocortisolism.

back 63

C) hypogonadism.

front 64

64) Vasopressin is a common term for this hormone.
A) ADH
B) GH
C) oxytocin
D) prolactin
E) TSH

back 64

A) ADH

front 65

65) The pituitary gland is located within this structure.
A) the perpendicular plate of the ethmoid bone
B) hypoglossal canal
C) crista galli
D) sella turcica of the sphenoid bone
E) petrous part of the temporal bone

back 65

D) sella turcica of the sphenoid bone

front 66

66) Milk production is stimulated by ________, milk ejection is stimulated by ________.
A) somatomedin; MSH
B) prolactin; oxytocin
C) oxytocin; prolactin
D) MSH; somatomedin
E) LH; FSH

back 66

B) prolactin; oxytocin

front 67

67) All of the following are functions of LH except
A) triggering ovulation.
B) stimulating secretion of testosterone.
C) stimulating the formation of the corpus luteum.
D) stimulating the secretion of progesterone.
E) stimulating follicle development.

back 67

E) stimulating follicle development.

front 68

68) A tumor in the pituitary gland could directly result in all of the following except
A) hypercortisolism.
B) pituitary dwarfism.
C) diabetes insipidus.
D) gigantism.
E) hypogonadism.

back 68

A) hypercortisolism.

front 69

69) Hormones that stimulate endocrine glands to release other hormones are
A) humoral.
B) tropic.
C) reflexive.
D) up-regulators.
E) paracrine factors.

back 69

B) tropic.

front 70

70) Hypophyseal portal system capillaries are
A) lined by tight junctions.
B) lined by microglial cells.
C) fenestrated.
D) impermeable.
E) lined by podocytes.

back 70

C) fenestrated.

front 71

76) Which of the following elements is necessary for the production of thyroid hormone?
A) sodium
B) iodine
C) potassium
D) iron
E) colloid

back 71

B) iodine

front 72

77) Activity of which of the following cells is inhibited by calcitonin release?
A) alpha cells
B) osteoclasts
C) osteoblasts
D) C cells
E) all cells in the body

back 72

B) osteoclasts

front 73

78) All of the following are known effects of thyroid hormone on peripheral tissues except
A) increased oxygen consumption.
B) increased heart rate.
C) increased sensitivity to autonomic stimulation.
D) increased body temperature.
E) decreased cellular metabolism.

back 73

E) decreased cellular metabolism.

front 74

79) Mental and physical sluggishness and low body temperature may be signs of
A) hyperthyroidism.
B) hypothyroidism.
C) hyperparathyroidism.
D) hypoparathyroidism.
E) diabetes insipidus.

back 74

B) hypothyroidism.

front 75

80) The hormone that plays a pivotal role in setting the metabolic rate and thus impacting body temperature is
A) somatotropin.
B) thyroxine.
C) calcitonin.
D) parathyroid hormone.
E) glucagon.

back 75

B) thyroxine.

front 76

81) A hormone that can lower blood levels of calcium ion is
A) parathyroid hormone.
B) thyroxine.
C) calcitonin.
D) glucagon.
E) oxytocin.

back 76

C) calcitonin.

front 77

82) The C cells of the thyroid gland produce
A) thyroxine.
B) TSH.
C) calcitonin.
D) PTH.
E) triiodothyronine.

back 77

C) calcitonin.

front 78

83) Increased levels of the hormone ________ will lead to decreased levels of calcium ion in the blood via inhibition of ________.
A) thymosin; osteocytes
B) calcitonin; osteoclasts
C) PTH; osteocytes
D) aldosterone; osteoclasts
E) cortisol; osteoblasts

back 78

B) calcitonin; osteoclasts

front 79

84) Where does the chemical reaction between thyroglobulin and iodine take place?
A) in lysosomes
B) in rough endoplasmic reticulum
C) in the follicle cavity
D) in pinocytotic vesicles
E) in apical microvilli

back 79

C) in the follicle cavity

front 80

85) TSH plays a key role in the ________ of thyroid hormones.
A) inhibition
B) synthesis
C) release
D) inhibition and secretion
E) synthesis and release

back 80

E) synthesis and release

front 81

86) The control of calcitonin excretion is an example of direct ________ regulation.
A) endocrine
B) pancreatic
C) homeostatic
D) hepatic
E) vascular

back 81

A) endocrine

front 82

87) Thyroxine and calcitonin are secreted by the
A) kidneys.
B) heart.
C) thyroid gland.
D) gonads.
E) pituitary gland.

back 82

C) thyroid gland.

front 83

88) Which of the following is not an action of TSH?
A) stimulates T3 and T4 secretion
B) stimulates iodide trapping by thyroid follicle cells
C) inhibits T3 and T4 secretion
D) stimulates pinocytosis of colloid by thyroid follicle cells
E) increases cyclic AMP concentration within thyroid follicle cells

back 83

C) inhibits T3 and T4 secretion

front 84

89) The two lobes of the thyroid gland are connected by the
A) isthmus.
B) pars intermedia.
C) commissure.
D) aqueduct.
E) infundibulum.

back 84

A) isthmus.

front 85

90) The thyroid gland is composed of many ________ that produce and store thyroid hormone.
A) tubules
B) follicles
C) ducts
D) capillaries
E) plexuses

back 85

B) follicles

front 86

91) Thyroid hormones are structural derivatives of the amino acid
A) glutamic acid.
B) epinephrine.
C) iodine.
D) tyrosine.
E) glycine.

back 86

D) tyrosine.

front 87

92) The specific target cells of the thyroid hormones, thyroxine and triiodothyronine are
A) the cells of the parathyroid glands.
B) the cells of the pituitary gland.
C) all cells of the body.
D) the cells of the ovaries and testes.
E) the cells of the thymus gland.

back 87

C) all cells of the body.

front 88

93) Follicle cells synthesize a protein called
A) calcitonin.
B) thyroglobulin.
C) transthyretin.
D) albumin.
E) colloid.

back 88

B) thyroglobulin.

front 89

94) The majority of thyroid hormones are secreted as ________ but small amounts of ________ is also secreted from the follicle.
A) transthyretin; calcitonin
B) T3; calcitonin
C) T4; T3
D) thyroglobulin; transthyretin
E) calcitonin; colloid

back 89

C) T4; T3

front 90

95) Thyroid hormone may increase cellular ATP production by binding to
A) the cytoplasm.
B) the outer surface of the plasma membrane.
C) the inner surface of the plasma membrane.
D) the mitochondria.
E) the vesicles.

back 90

D) the mitochondria.

front 91

96) If dietary iodine levels are deficient you would expect that plasma TSH levels would be ________ and that plasma thyroxine levels would be ________.
A) high; low
B) low; high
C) unchanged; low
D) low; unchanged
E) low; low

back 91

A) high; low

front 92

97) Before the discovery of these glands, thyroid surgery often led to a rapid drop in blood calcium levels, which triggered muscle contractions and cardiac arrhythmias. What glands are these and which hormone is lacking?
A) thyroid glands; calcitonin
B) parathyroid glands; calcitonin
C) parathyroid glands; parathyroid hormone
D) thyroid glands; levothyroxine
E) parathyroid glands; levothyroxine

back 92

C) parathyroid glands; parathyroid hormone

front 93

98) Parathyroid hormone does all of the following except
A) stimulate osteoclast activity.
B) inhibit osteoblast activity.
C) build up bone.
D) stimulate the formation and secretion of calcitriol at the kidneys.
E) enhance the reabsorption of calcium at the kidneys.

back 93

C) build up bone.

front 94

99) The hormone that does the opposite of calcitonin is
A) insulin.
B) glucagon.
C) growth hormone.
D) parathyroid hormone.
E) thyroid hormone.

back 94

D) parathyroid hormone.

front 95

100) The parathyroid glands produce a hormone that
A) stimulates the formation of white blood cells.
B) increases the level of calcium ions in the blood.
C) increases the level of sodium ions in the blood.
D) increases the level of potassium ions in the blood.
E) increases the level of glucose in the blood.

back 95

B) increases the level of calcium ions in the blood.

front 96

101) A tumor present on the parathyroid gland causing hyperparathyroidism may lead to
A) osteoporosis and kidney stones.
B) diabetes mellitus and hypercortisolism.
C) diabetes mellitus.
D) diabetes insipidus.
E) hypogonadism.

back 96

A) osteoporosis and kidney stones.

front 97

102) The zona reticularis of the adrenal cortex produces
A) androgens.
B) glucocorticoids.
C) mineralocorticoids.
D) epinephrine.
E) norepinephrine.

back 97

A) androgens.

front 98

103) The zona fasciculata of the adrenal cortex produces
A) androgens.
B) glucocorticoids.
C) mineralocorticoids.
D) epinephrine.
E) norepinephrine.

back 98

B) glucocorticoids.

front 99

104) The zona glomerulosa of the adrenal cortex produces
A) androgens.
B) glucocorticoids.
C) mineralocorticoids.
D) epinephrine.
E) norepinephrine.

back 99

C) mineralocorticoids.

front 100

105) The adrenal medulla produces
A) androgens.
B) glucocorticoids.
C) mineralocorticoids.
D) catecholamines.
E) corticosteroids.

back 100

D) catecholamines.

front 101

106) A hormone that promotes gluconeogenesis in the liver is
A) aldosterone.
B) erythropoietin.
C) thymosin.
D) cortisol.
E) calcitonin.

back 101

D) cortisol.

front 102

107) A hormone that helps to regulate the sodium ion content of the body is
A) cortisol.
B) parathormone.
C) thymosin.
D) somatotropin.
E) aldosterone.

back 102

E) aldosterone.

front 103

108) Cushingʹs disease results from an excess of
A) growth hormone.
B) parathyroid hormone.
C) ADH.
D) glucocorticoids.
E) epinephrine.

back 103

D) glucocorticoids.

front 104

109) Reduction of fluid losses at the kidneys due to the retention of Na+ is the action of
A) antidiuretic hormone.
B) calcitonin.
C) aldosterone.
D) cortisone.
E) oxytocin.

back 104

C) aldosterone.

front 105

110) The adrenal medulla produces the hormones
A) synephrine and neosynephrine.
B) epinephrine and norepinephrine.
C) corticosterone and testosterone.
D) androgens and progesterone.
E) cortisone and cortisol.

back 105

B) epinephrine and norepinephrine.

front 106

111) Damage to cells of the zona fasciculata of the adrenal cortex would result in
A) the loss of axillary and pubic hair.
B) increased volume of urine formation.
C) decreased levels of sodium ion in the blood.
D) decreased ability to convert amino acids to glucose.
E) increased water retention.

back 106

D) decreased ability to convert amino acids to glucose.

front 107

112) A rise in cortisol would cause an increase in each of the following except
A) the rate of glucose synthesis by the liver.
B) the rate of glycogen formation by the liver.
C) the level of fatty acids in the blood.
D) fatty acid metabolism by muscle cells.
E) ACTH levels.

back 107

E) ACTH levels.

front 108

113) If a patient is administered a powerful glucocorticoid (such as prednisone) to suppress the immune system, what unintended effects might this have on blood chemistry?
A) increase of sodium
B) decrease of sodium
C) increase of blood glucose
D) decrease of blood glucose
E) both an increase in insulin and an increase in glucose

back 108

E) both an increase in insulin and an increase in glucose

front 109

114) Hyposecretion of cortisol causes
A) goiter.
B) diabetes mellitus.
C) diabetes insipidus.
D) Addisonʹs disease.
E) Cushingʹs disease.

back 109

D) Addisonʹs disease.

front 110

115) A hormone that is synergistic to growth hormone is
A) aldosterone.
B) insulin.
C) cortisol.
D) calcitonin.
E) renin.

back 110

C) cortisol.

front 111

116) Which of the following hormones increases and prolongs effects of the sympathetic nervous system?
A) cortisol
B) parathyroid hormone
C) insulin
D) growth hormone
E) acetylcholine

back 111

A) cortisol

front 112

117) Which gland is called the ʺemergency glandʺ and helps the body adjust to stress?
A) thyroid
B) adrenal (suprarenal)
C) pituitary
D) pancreas
E) thymus

back 112

B) adrenal (suprarenal)

front 113

118) Which group of hormones cause an anti-inflammatory action?
A) thyroglobulins
B) mineralocorticoids
C) pancreatic hormones
D) antidiuretic hormones
E) glucocorticoids

back 113

E) glucocorticoids

front 114

119) Hormones from the adrenal cortex that regulate electrolyte balance are
A) antidiuretics.
B) calcitonin and parathyroid hormone.
C) mineralocorticoids.
D) androgens.
E) glucocorticoids.

back 114

C) mineralocorticoids.

front 115

120) During dehydration the body would increase production of
A) aldosterone and cortisol.
B) cortisol and ADH.
C) epinephrine and cortisol.
D) aldosterone and ADH.
E) epinephrine and ADH.

back 115

D) aldosterone and ADH.

front 116

121) Which hormone may be prescribed in chronic inflammatory disorders such as Lupus?
A) aldosterone
B) cortisol
C) androgens
D) calcitonin
E) insulin

back 116

B) cortisol

front 117

122) The adrenal medulla primarily secretes
A) epinephrine.
B) norepinephrine.
C) dopamine.
D) cortisol.
E) aldosterone.

back 117

A) epinephrine.

front 118

123) Excess production of hormones by the zona reticularis may lead to which disorder?
A) aldosteronism
B) gigantism
C) pheochromocytoma
D) adrenogenital syndrome
E) Cushingʹs disease

back 118

D) adrenogenital syndrome

front 119

124) A patient is receiving exogenous cortisol in the form of hydrocortisone shots for a sinus infection. Their natural adrenal secretion of cortisol will decrease due to negative feedback on the ________ reducing the secretion of ________.
A) hypothalamus; ACTH
B) anterior pituitary; CRH
C) hypothalamus; cortisol
D) anterior pituitary; cortisol
E) anterior pituitary; ACTH

back 119

E) anterior pituitary; ACTH

front 120

125) Which of the following is false concerning melatonin?
A) Exposure to light inhibits production.
B) Exposure to light stimulates production.
C) It inhibits releases of GnRH.
D) It is produced by pinealocytes.
E) It is made from serotonin.

back 120

B) Exposure to light stimulates production.

front 121

126) Melatonin is produced by the
A) thymus.
B) pineal gland.
C) kidneys.
D) skin.
E) heart.

back 121

B) pineal gland.

front 122

127) Each of the following is true of the pineal gland except that it
A) is a component of the epithalamus.
B) is a component of the hypothalamus.
C) secretes melatonin.
D) contains pinealocytes.
E) responds to light and darkness.

back 122

B) is a component of the hypothalamus.

front 123

128) The condition known as seasonal affective disorder (SAD) may be caused by
A) increased levels of melanin.
B) increased levels of melatonin.
C) increased levels of melanocyte-stimulating hormone.
D) increased levels of gonadotrophins.
E) decreased levels of testosterone.

back 123

B) increased levels of melatonin.

front 124

129) All of the following may be functions of melatonin except that it
A) can act as an antioxidant.
B) protects against free-radicals.
C) may maintain circadian rhythms.
D) can act as an insulin synergist.
E) may influence sexual maturation.

back 124

D) can act as an insulin synergist.

front 125

130) Alpha cells are to ________ as beta cells are to ________.
A) glucagon; insulin
B) somatostatin; insulin
C) insulin; glucagon
D) glucagon; somatostatin
E) pancreatic polypeptide; insulin

back 125

A) glucagon; insulin

front 126

131) If a diabetic patient received too much insulin, the low blood sugar could be corrected by injecting
A) glucagon.
B) GHIH.
C) thyroid hormone.
D) aldosterone.
E) antidiuretic hormone.

back 126

A) glucagon.

front 127

132) The pancreatic hormone that causes blood sugar levels to fall is
A) cortisol.
B) somatotropin.
C) insulin.
D) glucagon.
E) aldosterone.

back 127

C) insulin.

front 128

133) In persons with untreated diabetes mellitus all of the following are true, except
A) blood glucose levels are very high.
B) excessive thirst is shown.
C) glucose is present in the urine in large amounts.
D) a large excretion of urine occurs.
E) intracellular and tissue levels of glucose is very high.

back 128

E) intracellular and tissue levels of glucose is very high.

front 129

134) Which of the following might occur in an overdose of insulin?
A) glycosuria
B) ketoacidosis
C) high blood glucose
D) low blood glucose
E) polyuria

back 129

D) low blood glucose

front 130

135) Which of the following statements is true about the pancreas?
A) The pancreas lies over the top of the stomach.
B) The sole function of the pancreas is to produce hormones.
C) The pituitary gland produces stimulating hormones that control the pancreas.
D) The islets contain a variety of different cells producing different hormones.
E) The pancreas stores glucose, which can be released into the blood.

back 130

D) The islets contain a variety of different cells producing different hormones.

front 131

136) When blood glucose levels fall,
A) insulin is released.
B) glucagon is released.
C) peripheral cells take up more glucose.
D) protein synthesis increases.
E) calcitonin is secreted.

back 131

B) glucagon is released.

front 132

137) The beta cells of the pancreatic islets produce
A) insulin.
B) glucagon.
C) somatostatin.
D) cortisol.
E) peptide P.

back 132

A) insulin.

front 133

138) The delta cells of the pancreatic islets produce
A) insulin.
B) glucagon.
C) somatostatin.
D) cortisol.
E) peptide P.

back 133

C) somatostatin.

front 134

139) Type II diabetes is characterized by
A) a lack of response by target cells to insulin.
B) a decrease in secretion by pancreatic beta cells.
C) excessive secretion of glucagon.
D) inadequate insulin production.
E) low blood-glucose concentration.

back 134

A) a lack of response by target cells to insulin.

front 135

140) Which of the following hormones stimulates skeletal muscle fibers to take in glucose from the blood?
A) calcitonin
B) cortisol
C) insulin
D) glucagon
E) parathyroid hormone

back 135

C) insulin

front 136

141) Which of the following directly regulates the secretion of insulin?
A) parasympathetic nervous system
B) sympathetic nervous system
C) blood glucose concentration
D) hypothalamus
E) tropic hormones from the pituitary gland

back 136

C) blood glucose concentration

front 137

142) All of the pancreatic hormones are regulated by
A) the adenohypophysis.
B) the liver.
C) the neurohypophysis.
D) the thyroid gland.
E) nutrient concentrations in the blood.

back 137

E) nutrient concentrations in the blood.

front 138

143) Cells in the brain
A) can absorb glucose without insulin stimulation.
B) prefer fats to glucose for energy production.
C) are sensitive to insulin but not to glucagon.
D) are very sensitive to high concentrations of glucagon.
E) can store glycogen, to be used later for glucose release.

back 138

A) can absorb glucose without insulin stimulation.

front 139

144) Inability of the pancreas to produce insulin results in
A) acromegaly.
B) goiter.
C) diabetes mellitus.
D) diabetes insipidus.
E) Addisonʹs disease.

back 139

C) diabetes mellitus.

front 140

145) Which problem is related to untreated diabetes mellitus?
A) damage to the retina
B) neuropathy
C) gastric ulcers
D) goiter
E) retinal problems and nerve problems

back 140

E) retinal problems and nerve problems

front 141

146) Type 2 diabetes
A) can usually be controlled by diet and exercise rather than with medication.
B) is associated with an immune reaction to the pancreatic cells.
C) is a lack of insulin production.
D) is typically diagnosed in the very young.
E) is not as common as type 1 diabetes.

back 141

A) can usually be controlled by diet and exercise rather than with medication.

front 142

147) Which hormone is not produced by the pancreas?
A) glucagon
B) pancreatic polypeptide
C) somatostatin
D) calcitriol
E) insulin

back 142

D) calcitriol

front 143

148) At about 4pm in the afternoon, you could expect that ________ will be released if you have not eaten since 12pm.
A) insulin
B) glucagon
C) melatonin
D) pancreatic polypeptide
E) insulin and glucagon

back 143

B) glucagon

front 144

149) Which of the following is not true regarding Type 1 Diabetes?
A) pancreatic destruction of beta cells
B) need insulin injections or infusion
C) tissues exhibit insulin resistance
D) accounts for only about 5% of cases of diabetes
E) usually diagnosed in children or young adults

back 144

C) tissues exhibit insulin resistance

front 145

150) Poorly managed diabetes can adversely affect which organ(s)?
A) kidneys
B) eyes
C) heart and blood vessels
D) nerves
E) kidneys, eyes, nerves, heart and blood vessels

back 145

E) kidneys, eyes, nerves, heart and blood vessels

front 146

151) The interstitial endocrine cells of the testes produce
A) LH.
B) progesterone.
C) testosterone.
D) inhibin.
E) FSH.

back 146

C) testosterone.

front 147

152) Follicle cells in the ovary secrete ________ when stimulated by FSH.
A) estrogen
B) progesterone
C) testosterone
D) inhibin
E) gonadotropins

back 147

A) estrogen

front 148

153) A structure known as the corpus luteum secretes
A) testosterone.
B) progesterone.
C) aldosterone.
D) cortisone.
E) androstenedione.

back 148

B) progesterone.

front 149

154) The hormone that opposes the release of FSH in both males and females is
A) testosterone.
B) LH.
C) inhibin.
D) aldosterone.
E) somatostatin.

back 149

C) inhibin.

front 150

155) The hormones that are important for coordinating the immune response are
A) thymosins.
B) corticosteroids.
C) aldosterones.
D) thyroxines.
E) somatotropins.

back 150

A) thymosins.

front 151

156) Which of the following hormones increases production of red blood cells?
A) cortisol
B) erythropoietin
C) thymosin
D) aldosterone
E) atrial natriuretic peptide

back 151

B) erythropoietin

front 152

157) Cholecalciferol is synthesized within the
A) bone marrow of the skeletal system.
B) splenic pulp of the lymphatic system.
C) endothelial linings of the cardiovascular system.
D) hypothalamus of the nervous system.
E) epidermis of the integumentary system.

back 152

E) epidermis of the integumentary system.

front 153

158) The heart secretes the hormone
A) progesterone.
B) oxytocin.
C) thymosin.
D) thyroxine.
E) atrial natriuretic peptide.

back 153

E) atrial natriuretic peptide.

front 154

159) Adipocytes produce a peptide hormone called ________ that acts on the hypothalamus.
A) leptin
B) grehlin
C) lipase
D) glucagon
E) adipocin

back 154

A) leptin

front 155

160) The hormone related to appetite control is
A) thymosin.
B) brain natriuretic peptide.
C) melanin.
D) leptin.
E) erythropoietin.

back 155

D) leptin.

front 156

161) Why might someone want to take erythropoietin in a non-medical situation?
A) to increase muscle mass
B) to sleep
C) to increase oxygen-carrying capacity and increase stamina
D) to increase the chance of getting pregnant
E) to increase sex drive

back 156

C) to increase oxygen-carrying capacity and increase stamina

front 157

162) The effects of this hormone oppose aldosterone.
A) ADH
B) oxytocin
C) inhibin
D) atrial natriuretic peptide
E) renin

back 157

D) atrial natriuretic peptide

front 158

163) This hormone is released in response to PTH and its actions are synergistic to PTH.
A) calcitriol
B) calcitonin
C) inhibin
D) cholecystokinin
E) pancreatic polypeptide

back 158

A) calcitriol

front 159

164) Which is not a component of the RAAS and does not contribute to blood volume and electrolyte homeostasis?
A) renin
B) angiotensin
C) ADH
D) aldosterone
E) androgens

back 159

E) androgens

front 160

165) Increased aggressive and assertive behavior is associated with an increase in which of the following hormones?
A) somatostatin
B) thyroxine
C) growth hormone
D) androgens
E) insulin

back 160

D) androgens

front 161

166) The hormone that dominates during the alarm phase of the general adaptation syndrome (GAS) is
A) testosterone.
B) aldosterone.
C) cortisol.
D) thyroid hormone.
E) epinephrine.

back 161

E) epinephrine.

front 162

167) You have just become the nurse manager of a nursing home and you are reminding yourself about what problems your nursing home population might have by studying your old pathophysiology books from nursing school. Many of the residents are tired and have problems with blood glucose levels. All of the following hormones might be related except
A) insulin.
B) cortisol.
C) thymosin.
D) thyroid hormones.
E) GH.

back 162

C) thymosin.

front 163

168) During the alarm phase of the general adaptation syndrome (GAS), there is
A) decreased blood flow to skeletal muscles and skin.
B) decreased mental alertness.
C) mobilization of energy reserves.
D) increased urine release.
E) decreased rate of respiration.

back 163

C) mobilization of energy reserves.

front 164

169) If stress lasts longer than a few hours, an individual will enter the ________ phase of the general adaptation syndrome (GAS).
A) alarm
B) resistance
C) exhaustion
D) extension
E) prolonged

back 164

B) resistance

front 165

170) Hormones that dominate during the resistance phase of the general adaptation syndrome (GAS) are the
A) mineralocorticoids.
B) androgens.
C) glucocorticoids.
D) catecholamines.
E) gonadotropins.

back 165

C) glucocorticoids.

front 166

171) During the resistance phase of the general adaptation syndrome (GAS),
A) lipid reserves are mobilized.
B) proteins are conserved.
C) blood glucose levels fall drastically.
D) levels of growth hormone decrease.
E) levels of insulin decrease.

back 166

A) lipid reserves are mobilized.

front 167

172) The exhaustion phase of the general adaptation syndrome (GAS) is characterized by
A) failure of electrolyte balance.
B) an increasing ability to produce glucose from glycogen.
C) increased pumping effectiveness of the heart.
D) a sharp increase in motivation and energy.
E) an increase in urine output.

back 167

A) failure of electrolyte balance.

front 168

173) Two hormones that have opposing effects are called
A) antagonists.
B) agonists.
C) resistors.
D) synergists.
E) adjuvants.

back 168

A) antagonists.

front 169

174) Two hormones that have additive effects are called
A) antagonists.
B) agonists.
C) resistors.
D) synergists.
E) adjuvants.

back 169

D) synergists.

front 170

175) Hormones that produce different but complementary results are called
A) permissive.
B) integrative.
C) radicals.
D) synergists.
E) antagonists.

back 170

B) integrative.

front 171

176) Normal growth is dependent on all of the following hormones except
A) thyroid hormones.
B) oxytocin.
C) growth hormone.
D) insulin.
E) glucocorticoids.

back 171

B) oxytocin.

front 172

177) Which of the following is not an antagonistic hormone pair?
A) glucagon; insulin
B) calcitonin; parathyroid hormone
C) leptin; thymosins
D) aldosterone; atrial natriuretic peptide
E) FSH; inhibin

back 172

C) leptin; thymosins

front 173

178) The absence of which hormone during development will cause the nervous system to develop abnormally and cause developmental delays?
A) thymosin
B) calcitriol
C) calcitonin
D) androgens
E) thyroxine

back 173

E) thyroxine

front 174

1) The regulatory hormones from the hypothalamus control secretion from endocrine cells, which are located where?
A) anterior lobe of the pituitary gland
B) posterior lobe of the pituitary gland
C) thalamus
D) cortex of the adrenal gland
E) medulla of the adrenal gland

back 174

A) anterior lobe of the pituitary gland

front 175

2) In a typical regulation pattern of endocrine secretion, which hormone is responsible for negative feedback?
A) the releasing hormone
B) hormone 1 from the pituitary gland
C) hormone 2 from the endocrine target gland
D) the inhibiting hormone
E) the posterior pituitary hormone

back 175

C) hormone 2 from the endocrine target gland

front 176

3) What hormones are released from the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland and how does their release differ from hormones released by the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland?
A) melanocyte stimulating hormone and growth hormone; posterior pituitary hormones are released in response to circadian rhythms
B) LH and FSH; posterior pituitary hormones are released at puberty
C) epinephrine and norepinephrine; posterior pituitary hormones are released following neural stimulation by the SNS
D) ADH and oxytocin; posterior pituitary hormones are released following stimulation by hypothalamic releasing hormones
E) ADH and oxytocin; posterior pituitary hormones are released directly from the
hypothalamus

back 176

E) ADH and oxytocin; posterior pituitary hormones are released directly from the
hypothalamus

front 177

4) Which zone of the adrenal cortex produces mineralocorticoids and what is the primary mineralocorticoid? (Figure 18-14)
A) zona reticularis; cortisol
B) zona reticularis; aldosterone
C) zona fasciculata; epinephrine
D) zona glomerulosa; aldosterone
E) zona glomerulosa; cortisol

back 177

D) zona glomerulosa; aldosterone