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Chapter 25 Metabolism

front 1

1) The sum of all of the biochemical processes going on within the human body at any given time is called
A) glycolysis.
B) oxidative phosphorylation.
C) catabolism.
D) anabolism.
E) metabolism.

back 1

E) metabolism.

front 2

2) Reactions within ________ provide most of the energy needed by a typical cell.
A) cytoplasm
B) the plasma membrane
C) the mitochondria
D) the endoplasmic reticulum
E) nucleus

back 2

C) the mitochondria

front 3

3) The first steps of catabolism generally take place in the
A) mitochondria.
B) plasma membrane.
C) nucleus.
D) endoplasmic reticulum.
E) cytosol.

back 3

E) cytosol.

front 4

4) The study of the flow of energy and its transformations is called
A) energetics.
B) glycolysis.
C) cellular respiration.
D) thermodynamics.
E) metabolism.

back 4

A) energetics.

front 5

5) What is the role of NADH in metabolism?
A) convert pyruvic acid into acetyl-coA
B) produce bicarbonate ions for a pH buffer
C) transport hydrogen atoms to coenzymes
D) produce carbon dioxide
E) phosphorylate ADP into ATP

back 5

C) transport hydrogen atoms to coenzymes

front 6

6) When NAD+ is ________ it becomes NADH. When NADH is ________ it becomes NAD+.
A) phosphorylated; deaminated
B) reduced; oxidized
C) made; recycled
D) phosphorylated; dephosphorylated
E) oxidized; reduced

back 6

B) reduced; oxidized

front 7

7) All the available nutrient molecules distributed in the blood form a
A) nutrient storehouse.
B) nutrient reserve.
C) nutrient pool.
D) energy reserve.
E) organic storehouse.

back 7

C) nutrient pool.

front 8

8) Intermediary molecules that accept electrons and transfer them to another molecule are called
A) nutrients.
B) organics.
C) ketones.
D) metabolites.
E) coenzymes.

back 8

E) coenzymes.

front 9

9) The chemical equation that correctly summarizes the overall reaction in oxidative phosphorylation is
A) H2 + O2 → H2O + O.
B) 2 H2 + O2 → 2 H2O.
C) 3 H2 + 2O2 → 3 H2O + 2 O.
D) H2 + O2 → H2O.
E) P + 3 O → PO3.

back 9

B) 2 H2 + O2 → 2 H2O.

front 10

10) The function of the citric acid cycle is to
A) remove hydrogen atoms from organic molecules and transfer them to coenzymes.
B) transfer the acetyl group gained from glycolysis to molecules of pyruvate.
C) hydrolyze glucose in the presence of oxygen to obtain two pyruvate molecules.
D) produce carbon dioxide to balance the oxygen requirement for cellular respiration.
E) produce water.

back 10

A) remove hydrogen atoms from organic molecules and transfer them to coenzymes.

front 11

11) In the ETS, ________ accepts electrons from one molecule and transfers them to another.
A) a hydrogen ion
B) a coenzyme
C) the acetyl group
D) ADP
E) NAD

back 11

B) a coenzyme

front 12

12) In order for glycolysis to proceed, which of the following need not be present?
A) glucose
B) acetyl-CoA
C) ATP
D) NAD
E) ADP

back 12

B) acetyl-CoA

front 13

13) The ________ of the mitochondrion contains large-diameter pores that are permeable to ions
and small organic molecules such as pyruvic acid.
A) inner membrane
B) plasma membrane
C) outer membrane
D) matrix
E) cristae

back 13

C) outer membrane

front 14

14) All of the following occur during glycolysis, except
A) a molecule of glucose is converted into two molecules of pyruvic acid.
B) four molecules of ATP are produced.
C) two molecules of ATP are consumed.
D) hydrogen atoms are removed from organic molecules.
E) a molecule of carbon dioxide is produced.

back 14

E) a molecule of carbon dioxide is produced.

front 15

15) The citric acid cycle
A) begins with the formation of a molecule of citric acid.
B) directly produces most of the ATP from the catabolism of glucose.
C) consumes two moles of carbon dioxide.
D) contains enzymes called cytochromes.
E) forms acetyl-CoA from glucose-6-phosphate.

back 15

A) begins with the formation of a molecule of citric acid.

front 16

16) The carbon dioxide of respiration is formed during
A) glycolysis.
B) the citric acid cycle.
C) electron transport.
D) the formation of pyruvic acid.
E) the formation of water.

back 16

B) the citric acid cycle.

front 17

17) In glycolysis, each molecule of glucose that is catabolized gives a net yield of how many molecules of ATP?
A) 2
B) 4
C) 30
D) 36
E) 38

back 17

A) 2

front 18

18) The strategy of eating starchy foods for several days before an athletic event is known as
A) carbohydrate craving.
B) the Atkins diet.
C) carbohydrate loading.
D) glycolysis reaction.
E) overeating.

back 18

C) carbohydrate loading.

front 19

19) Although other nutrients can feed into the citric acid cycle, ________ yields energy the quickest.
A) glycogen
B) glucose
C) protein
D) fat
E) an amino acid

back 19

B) glucose

front 20

20) The major steps in oxidative phosphorylation include all of the following except
A) removal of hydrogen atoms from a substrate molecule by coenzymes.
B) ionization of hydrogen atoms.
C) decreasing the energy level of electrons passing through the electron transport chain.
D) the breaking of carbon-carbon covalent bonds.
E) the acceptance of electrons by oxygen atoms.

back 20

D) the breaking of carbon-carbon covalent bonds.

front 21

21) In oxidative phosphorylation, energy for the synthesis of ATP is directly obtained from the
A) splitting of oxygen molecules.
B) breaking of the covalent bonds in glucose.
C) movement of hydrogen ions through channels in the inner mitochondrial membrane.
D) combination of two atoms of hydrogen and one atom of oxygen to form water.
E) oxidation of acetyl-CoA.

back 21

C) movement of hydrogen ions through channels in the inner mitochondrial membrane.

front 22

22) How many net ATP molecules are produced by the complete metabolism (all pathways) of
one glucose molecule?
A) 2-4 ATP
B) 6 ATP
C) 30-32 ATP
D) 100-120 ATP
E) 150 ATP

back 22

C) 30-32 ATP

front 23

23) The citric acid cycle occurs in the
A) cytosol.
B) golgi apparatus.
C) mitochondrial intermembrane space.
D) mitochondrial matrix.
E) ribosome.

back 23

D) mitochondrial matrix.

front 24

24) Oxygen is an important molecule in which of the following?
A) citric acid cycle and ETS
B) glycolysis, citric acid cycle, and ETS
C) citric acid cycle only
D) glycolysis only
E) ETS only

back 24

A) citric acid cycle and ETS

front 25

25) The citric acid cycle is an aerobic process because
A) ADP is phosphorylated.
B) FADH2 is produced.
C) citric acid molecules have oxygen atoms.
D) oxygen is needed to remove carbon atoms as carbon dioxide.
E) NAH+ is converted into NADH.

back 25

D) oxygen is needed to remove carbon atoms as carbon dioxide.

front 26

26) The main purpose of the citric acid cycle is to
A) produce Acetyl CoA so that the citric acid cycle can continue.
B) produce proteins for energy storage.
C) phosphorylate glucose molecules.
D) supply hydrogen atoms to the Electron Transport System.
E) produce citric acid to make vitamin C in the mitochondria.

back 26

D) supply hydrogen atoms to the Electron Transport System.

front 27

27) The end products of aerobic respiration are
A) carbon dioxide, water, and ATP.
B) pyruvic acid and carbon dioxide.
C) carbon dioxide and alcohol.
D) oxygen and water.
E) NADH and FADH2.

back 27

A) carbon dioxide, water, and ATP.

front 28

28) Most of the ATP from metabolism is produced in the
A) citric acid cycle.
B) electron transport system.
C) cytosol.
D) mitochondrial matrix.
E) glycolysis.

back 28

B) electron transport system.

front 29

29) In the citric acid cycle, a 2 carbon molecule and a 4 carbon molecule combine to produce
A) fructose-1, 6-bisphosphate.
B) carbon dioxide.
C) pyruvic acid.
D) NADH.
E) citric acid.

back 29

E) citric acid.

front 30

30) The end products of glycolysis are
A) ATP, water, and carbon dioxide.
B) ATP, NADH, and pyruvic acid.
C) ADP and ATP.
D) pyruvic acid and citric acid.
E) NADH and FADH2.

back 30

B) ATP, NADH, and pyruvic acid.

front 31

31) The process of synthesizing glucose from noncarbohydrates is called
A) glycolysis.
B) gluconeogenesis.
C) cellular respiration.
D) glycemia.
E) glycogenesis.

back 31

B) gluconeogenesis.

front 32

32) The process of glycogen formation is known as
A) glycolysis.
B) gluconeogenesis.
C) cellular respiration.
D) glycemia.
E) glycogenesis.

back 32

E) glycogenesis.

front 33

33) Fatty acids and many amino acids cannot be used for ________ because their catabolic
pathways produce acetyl-CoA.
A) glycolysis
B) gluconeogenesis
C) cellular respiration
D) glycemia
E) glycogenesis

back 33

B) gluconeogenesis

front 34

34) Carbon and oxygen atoms are removed as carbon dioxide in a process called
A) anabolism.
B) decarboxylation.
C) deamination.
D) oxidative phosphorylation.
E) substrate-level phosphorylation.

back 34

B) decarboxylation.

front 35

35) The two most important coenzymes for glycolysis and the citric acid cycle are
A) ATP and ADP.
B) FAD and FMN.
C) NAD and ATP.
D) NAD and FAD.
E) ATP and GTP.

back 35

D) NAD and FAD.

front 36

36) During the citric acid cycle, both NAD and FAD ________ a hydrogen atom and become
________.
A) lose; oxidized
B) gain; oxidized
C) lose; reduced
D) gain; reduced
E) gain; ATP

back 36

D) gain; reduced

front 37

37) The formation of GTP from GDP in the citric acid cycle is an example of
A) substrate-level phosphorylation.
B) oxidative phosphorylation.
C) decarboxylation.
D) cellular respiration.
E) aerobic metabolism.

back 37

A) substrate-level phosphorylation.

front 38

38) The electron transport system doesn't produce ATP directly instead it uses the hydrogen ion gradient to drive
A) substrate-level phosphorylation.
B) chemiosmosis.
C) anaerobic metabolism.
D) decarboxylation.
E) deamination.

back 38

B) chemiosmosis.

front 39

39) Cyanide gas is lethal because it
A) inhibits the kinase that phosphorylates ATP.
B) inhibits the ATP synthase.
C) blocks substrate-level phosphorylation.
D) blocks the final electron acceptor in the ETS.
E) binds NAD preventing it from being reduced.

back 39

D) blocks the final electron acceptor in the ETS.

front 40

40) What is the molecule labeled "1"?
A) phosphoglyceric acid
B) citric acid
C) pyruvate
D) NADH
E) FADH2

back 40

C) pyruvate

front 41

41) What is the molecule labeled "2"?
A) hydrogen atoms
B) citric acid
C) NADH
D) carbon dioxide
E) FADH2

back 41

D) carbon dioxide

front 42

42) What is the substance labeled "4"?
A) hydrogen atoms
B) citric acid
C) 4 carbon molecule
D) NADH
E) FADH2

back 42

A) hydrogen atoms

front 43

43) What is the molecule labeled "7"?
A) hydrogen atoms
B) citric acid
C) 4 carbon molecule
D) NADH
E) FADH2

back 43

C) 4 carbon molecule

front 44

44) What is the molecule labeled "3"?
A) ADP
B) carbon dioxide
C) NADH
D) hydrogen atoms
E) pyruvate

back 44

C) NADH

front 45

45) The lipoproteins that carry absorbed lipids from the intestinal tract to the bloodstream are
A) HDLs.
B) VLDLs.
C) LDLs.
D) chylomicrons.
E) coenzymes.

back 45

D) chylomicrons.

front 46

46) During lipolysis,
A) triglycerides are converted into molecules of acetyl-CoA.
B) triglycerides are broken down into glycerol and fatty acids.
C) lipids are converted into glucose molecules.
D) lipids are formed from excess carbohydrates.
E) lipids are metabolized to yield ATP.

back 46

B) triglycerides are broken down into glycerol and fatty acids.

front 47

47) All of the following are true of beta-oxidation except that
A) it occurs in the mitochondria.
B) fatty acids break down into two-carbon fragments.
C) lipids are converted into glycogen molecules.
D) it requires coenzyme A, NAD, and FAD.
E) it yields large amounts of ATP.

back 47

C) lipids are converted into glycogen molecules.

front 48

48) Lipids
A) deliver somewhat less energy than an equivalent mass of glucose.
B) are difficult to store since they are not water soluble.
C) yield quick bursts of energy.
D) provide energy for cells with modest energy demands.
E) are the primary nutrient metabolized in cells.

back 48

D) provide energy for cells with modest energy demands.

front 49

49) Lipogenesis generally begins with
A) glucose.
B) amino acids.
C) fatty acids.
D) acetyl-CoA.
E) succinyl-CoA.

back 49

D) acetyl-CoA.

front 50

50) Linoleic acid and linolenic acid are examples of
A) transport proteins.
B) lipoproteins.
C) essential fatty acids.
D) essential amino acids.
E) vitamins.

back 50

C) essential fatty acids.

front 51

51) In order to determine the LDL level in a patient's blood, it is necessary to measure
A) total cholesterol level.
B) HDL level.
C) triglyceride level.
D) triglyceride and monoglyceride levels.
E) total cholesterol level, HDL level, and triglyceride level.

back 51

E) total cholesterol level, HDL level, and triglyceride level.

front 52

52) ________ are the largest lipoproteins, ranging in diameter up to 0.5 μm.
A) Very-low-density lipoproteins (VLDLs)
B) Low-density lipoproteins (LDLs)
C) Micelles
D) High-density lipoproteins (HDLs)
E) Chylomicrons

back 52

E) Chylomicrons

front 53

53) ________ carry excess cholesterol from peripheral tissues to the liver.
A) Very-low-density lipoproteins (VLDLs)
B) Low-density lipoproteins (LDLs)
C) Micelles
D) High-density lipoproteins (HDLs)
E) Very-high-density lipoproteins (VHDLs)

back 53

D) High-density lipoproteins (HDLs)

front 54

54) Fatty acids that are necessary for proper health but cannot be synthesized by the body are called ________ fatty acids.
A) oxidative
B) metabolic
C) essential
D) vital
E) non-metabolic

back 54

C) essential

front 55

55) Lipoproteins that are formed within the intestinal epithelium to transfer dietary fats into
circulation are called
A) chylomicrons.
B) very-low-density lipoproteins.
C) micelles.
D) low-density lipoproteins.
E) high-density lipoproteins.

back 55

A) chylomicrons.

front 56

56) Lipoproteins that are primarily sent to skeletal muscles and adipose tissues are called
A) chylomicrons.
B) very-low-density lipoproteins.
C) micelles.
D) low-density lipoproteins.
E) high-density lipoproteins.

back 56

B) very-low-density lipoproteins.

front 57

57) Lipoproteins that carry mostly cholesterol to peripheral tissues are called
A) chylomicrons.
B) very-low-density lipoproteins.
C) micelles.
D) low-density lipoproteins.
E) high-density lipoproteins.

back 57

D) low-density lipoproteins.

front 58

58) The complete catabolism of fatty acids is through the process called
A) lipogenesis.
B) glycolysis.
C) beta-oxidation.
D) glycogenolysis.
E) adipogenesis.

back 58

C) beta-oxidation.

front 59

59) Lipogenesis is common for organic molecules because the intermediate ________ is formed in most nutrient metabolic processes.
A) pyruvate
B) acetyl-CoA
C) glycerol
D) glucose
E) lipoprotein

back 59

B) acetyl-CoA

front 60

60) Lipoproteins are water-soluble because of a superficial coating of
A) cholesterol.
B) bile salts.
C) phospholipids and proteins.
D) triglycerides.
E) glycerol.

back 60

C) phospholipids and proteins.

front 61

61) Removal of the amino group from amino acids in the first step of their catabolism requires a coenzyme derived from vitamin
A) A.
B) C.
C) B12.
D) B6.
E) B9.

back 61

D) B6.

front 62

62) In transamination, the amino group of an amino acid is
A) converted to ammonia.
B) converted to urea.
C) transferred to a keto acid.
D) absorbed by water.
E) transferred to acetyl-CoA.

back 62

C) transferred to a keto acid.

front 63

63) The conversion of ammonia into a less toxic substance produces
A) ketone bodies.
B) urea.
C) nitrate.
D) acetyl-CoA.
E) water.

back 63

B) urea.

front 64

64) Urea is formed in the
A) liver.
B) stomach.
C) kidneys.
D) small intestine.
E) large intestine.

back 64

A) liver.

front 65

65) Metabolism of amino acids in the citric acid cycle yields
A) more energy than lipid metabolism.
B) more energy than carbohydrate metabolism.
C) approximately the same energy as lipid metabolism.
D) approximately the same energy as carbohydrate metabolism.
E) more energy than lipid and carbohydrate metabolism combined.

back 65

D) approximately the same energy as carbohydrate metabolism.

front 66

66) A high uric acid level (above 7.4 mg/dl) can lead to the painful condition known as
A) gout.
B) rheumatoid arthritis.
C) anorexia nervosa.
D) lupus.
E) ketosis.

back 66

A) gout.

front 67

67) Catabolism of protein is not a practical source of quick energy because of all of the following except that
A) proteins are more difficult to break apart than lipids or carbohydrates.
B) the energy yield from protein is less than the yield from lipids.
C) one of the by-products of protein catabolism is ammonia.
D) most individuals have little protein to spare before harming vital organs.
E) extensive catabolism of protein threatens homeostasis.

back 67

D) most individuals have little protein to spare before harming vital organs.

front 68

68) The removal of amino group from a protein to prepare it to enter the citric acid cycle is termed
A) transamination.
B) deamination.
C) decarboxylation.
D) amination.
E) beta-oxidation.

back 68

B) deamination.

front 69

69) Protein malnourishment may occur if the diet is deficient in
A) essential amino acids.
B) nonessential amino acids.
C) urea.
D) ammonia.
E) keto acids.

back 69

A) essential amino acids.

front 70

70) During the absorptive state,
A) the liver forms glycogen.
B) adipocytes release fatty acids to the circulation.
C) skeletal muscle breaks down glycogen.
D) insulin levels are low.
E) skeletal muscle fibers release glucose.

back 70

A) the liver forms glycogen.

front 71

71) All of the following occur during the postabsorptive state except that
A) glycogenolysis occurs in the liver.
B) levels of blood glucose are elevated above normal.
C) ketone bodies may be formed.
D) fat mobilization occurs.
E) gluconeogenesis occurs in the liver.

back 71

B) levels of blood glucose are elevated above normal.

front 72

72) During starvation,
A) carbohydrate utilization increases.
B) gluconeogenesis ceases.
C) there is a decline in circulating ketone bodies.
D) muscle proteins are used as an energy source.
E) carbohydrate reserves maintained by metabolizing inorganic compounds.

back 72

D) muscle proteins are used as an energy source.

front 73

73) When the body is relying on internal energy reserves to continue meeting its energy
demands, it is in the ________ state.
A) postabsorptive
B) absorptive
C) starvation
D) deprivation
E) preabsorptive

back 73

A) postabsorptive

front 74

74) During the postabsorptive state, ________ stimulate(s) lipid catabolism.
A) glucocorticoids
B) androgens
C) insulin
D) glucagon
E) gastrin

back 74

A) glucocorticoids

front 75

75) All of the following complement the actions of glucocorticoids in the postabsorptive state except
A) insulin.
B) growth hormone.
C) glucagon.
D) epinephrine.

back 75

A) insulin.

front 76

76) Compounds that cells can use to make glucose include all of the following, except
A) acetyl-CoA.
B) glycerol.
C) some amino acids.
D) lactate.
E) pyruvate.

back 76

A) acetyl-CoA.

front 77

77) On a tour of African countries, Mark contracts a bad case of traveler's diarrhea. Because he can't eat very much, his body starts to use energy sources other than carbohydrates. This would result in all of the following, except
A) increased levels of urea in the blood.
B) ketosis and a decreased blood pH.
C) increased gluconeogenesis in the liver.
D) lipid metabolism.
E) glycogenesis.

back 77

E) glycogenesis.

front 78

78) Following a meal, the absorptive state lasts approximately
A) 30 minutes.
B) 2 hours.
C) 4 hours.
D) 8 hours.
E) 12 hours.

back 78

C) 4 hours.

front 79

79) Frank has diabetes mellitus and his blood pH has dropped. What is the most likely cause of
his acidosis?
A) a build up of urea
B) excess ammonia production
C) lipoprotein metabolism
D) excess ketone formation
E) increased glycolysis

back 79

D) excess ketone formation

front 80

80) Nitrogen compounds of the body include all of the following except
A) amino acids.
B) oxaloacetate.
C) creatine.
D) porphyrin.
E) purines.

back 80

B) oxaloacetate.

front 81

81) The major cation in extracellular fluid is
A) sodium.
B) potassium.
C) calcium.
D) magnesium.
E) iron.

back 81

A) sodium.

front 82

82) The major cation in cytoplasm is
A) sodium.
B) potassium.
C) calcium.
D) magnesium.
E) iron.

back 82

B) potassium.

front 83

83) The major anion in body fluids is
A) chloride.
B) bicarbonate.
C) sulfate.
D) iodide.
E) phosphate.

back 83

A) chloride.

front 84

84) A cation that is essential for muscle contraction, nerve function, and blood clotting is
A) sodium.
B) potassium.
C) calcium.
D) magnesium.
E) selenium.

back 84

C) calcium.

front 85

85) An ion that is a necessary component of high-energy compounds and nucleic acids and a
structural component of bone is the ________ ion.
A) chloride
B) sulfate
C) phosphate
D) bicarbonate
E) iodide

back 85

C) phosphate

front 86

86) A cation that often acts as a cofactor for enzymes is
A) sodium.
B) potassium.
C) calcium.
D) magnesium.
E) zinc.

back 86

D) magnesium.

front 87

87) An element that is a component of hemoglobin, myoglobin, and cytochromes is
A) calcium.
B) magnesium.
C) iron.
D) zinc.
E) cobalt.

back 87

C) iron.

front 88

88) The element that is necessary for the proper function of the enzyme carbonic anhydrase is
A) iron.
B) cobalt.
C) zinc.
D) selenium.
E) iodine.

back 88

C) zinc.

front 89

95) The vitamin that is part of the coenzyme FAD is
A) thiamine.
B) riboflavin.
C) niacin.
D) folic acid (folate).
E) cobalamin.

back 89

B) riboflavin.

front 90

96) The vitamin that is part of the coenzyme NAD is
A) thiamine.
B) riboflavin.
C) niacin.
D) folic acid (folate).
E) cobalamin.

back 90

C) niacin.

front 91

104) Inorganic ions released through the dissociation of electrolytes are called
A) nutrients.
B) vitamins.
C) trace minerals.
D) free radicals.
E) minerals.

back 91

E) minerals.

front 92

1) Glycolysis produces how many pyruvate molecules and how many ATP molecules?

A) 1 pyruvate molecule with a net gain of 1 ATP molecule
B) 2 pyruvate molecules with a net gain of 2 ATP molecules
C) 2 pyruvate molecules with a net gain of 4 ATP molecules
D) 4 pyruvate molecules with a net gain of 4 ATP molecules
E) 4 pyruvate molecules with a net gain of 2 ATP molecules

back 92

B) 2 pyruvate molecules with a net gain of 2 ATP molecules

front 93

2) The energy produced from aerobic metabolism comes from what two sources?
A) glycolysis and the electron transport chain
B) glycolysis and the citric acid cycle
C) citric acid cycle and the electron transport chain
D) glycolysis and fermentation
E) fermentation and the citric acid cycle

back 93

C) citric acid cycle and the electron transport chain

front 94

3) Where does beta-oxidation take place?
B) in the plasma membrane of cells
C) in the cytoplasm of cells
D) in the mitochondria
E) in the Golgi apparatus

back 94

D) in the mitochondria